





J LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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f UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 



MB 

■HE 



THE 



DE CORONA 



DEMOSTHENES 



WITH ENGLISH NOTES, 



KEV. AKTHUK HOLMES, M. A., 

SENIOR FELLOW OF CLARE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND PREACHER AT 
CHAPEL ROYAL, WHITEHALL. 



3&ebisetr fE&ttton, 
By W. S. TYLER, 

WILLISTON PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN AMHERST COLLEGE. 





BOSTON: A 
JOHN ALLYN, PUBLISHER. 

1874. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, 

BY JOHN ALLYN, 

in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



tX- 3/ 



University Press: Welch, Bigelow, & Co., 
Cambridge. 



PREFACE 



The. text of this edition is almost an exact reprint of that 
in the Catena Classicorum, edited by Eev. Arthur Holmes of 
Cambridge, and Eev. Charles Bigg of Oxford. In revising 
the Notes of that edition, at the request of the .publisher, it 
has been my single aim to produce, as nearly as possible 
within the same limits, a text-book of the De Corona adapted 
to meet the wants of students in our American colleges. 
With this end in view, I have omitted not a few of the 
English editor's superabundant citations from Greek authors, 
and whatever else in his Notes seemed to me to be superfluous 
or sure to be neglected by even the better scholars in a col- 
lege class, and have filled the place with such grammatical 
references, exegetical annotations, and exact yet idiomatic 
translations of difficult passages, as the experience of many 
years in teaching Demosthenes has shown to be best calcu- 
lated to lead students to a right method of studying the 
great Athenian orator. 

When the English editor has fallen into manifest errors 
and misapprehensions, I have not hesitated to correct them, 
or to supersede his Notes by my own or those of other ed- 
itors. In this revision I have had constantly before me the 
editions of Eeiske, S chafer, Dindorf, Dissen, Bremi, Wester- 
mann, Drake, Whiston, and others, and have derived from 
them many useful hints and suggestions. The Notes of 



11 PKEFACE. 

Whiston are so scholarly and judicious, and his renderings 
so just and happy, that I have adopted them pretty freely. 
If in any instance I have failed to give due credit for "bor- 
rowed materials, the failure has "been unintentional. 

To the Introduction of the English edition, which is re- 
printed entire as a concise statement of the history of the 
De Corona, I have added an Analysis of the Argument, 
which, it is hoped, will aid the student in understanding 
the skilful arrangement of the orator and possessing himself 
of his masterly reasoning. So far from sympathizing with 
the depreciatory remarks which occur too frequently in the 
English edition, and which I have taken the liberty to 
abridge, I scarcely fall below Lord Brougham in my admira- 
tion of this matchless and almost faultless piece of rhetoric ; 
and I could wish that not only students of Greek, but ora- 
tors and students of oratory, would study and repeat the 
oration as his Lordship did, and as he advised the youthful 
Macaulay to do, so as "to enter into the spirit of the speech, 
thoroughly know the positions of the parties, follow each 
turn of the argument, and make the absolutely perfect and 
most chaste and severe composition familiar to his mind." 
And I venture to urge upon teachers and pupils such a re- 
peated reading and reading aloud of the oration, as so inspired 
the Leyden Greek Professor Wyttenbach in his youth, that 
he fancied himself "to be Demosthenes standing before the 
assembly, delivering the oration, and exhorting the Athenians 
to emulate the bravery and glory of their ancestors," and thus 
gave him the first genuine impulse to an enthusiastic study 
of the language and literature of the Greeks. 

W. S. TYLER. 

Amheest College, January 1, 1874. 



INTRODUCTION 



The Speech on the Crown was made in defence of an 
accusation for napdvopa, which legal term we may paraphrase 
as a " Breach of the Constitution." iEschines had laid the 
charge and conducted the accusation. The accused was 
Ctesiphon, son of Leosthenes, an Athenian citizen belonging 
to the deme Anaphlystus. The ground of the action was 
as follows : Ctesiphon had proposed a decree, that, accord- 
ing to common Athenian usage, the state should bestow a 
crown of gold on Demosthenes, as one who had proved 
himself to be a public benefactor, not merely by his general 
policy, but also by his special liberality on two recent 
occasions. As member of the Fortifications Commission, 
appointed just after Chseronea, Demosthenes gave to the 
Building Fund no less a donation than three talents. At 
the same time, as trustee to the fund for theatrical and 
similar expenses, he gave to that fund a hundred minas as 
a voluntary contribution. These two instances seemed td 
supply an immediate opportunity for recognizing his general 
as well as his special merits. The decree further proposed 
expressly, that proclamation of this grant of honor should 
be made in the theatre of Athens, at the time of the Great 
Dionysia, when the new tragedies were coming on; that 



iv INTRODUCTION. 

is, at a time and place where crowds of strangers, as well as 
citizens, were certain to be assembled. Thus the honor 
conferred by the state would be at once of the most public 
as well as the most complimentary kind. 

We cannot but think the proposal of this decree had fur- 
ther objects than merely to honor the orator. We may well 
suppose it included a strong political move on the side of 
the Constitutional party, who had always opposed and (so 
far as they could) resisted the power of Macedon. To laud 
Demosthenes and his policy was really to censure Philip ; 
nor was it only to censure Philip, but also to stigmatize the 
whole Macedonian party, whose numbers were very strong 
in the Public Assembly of Athens, of which party iEschines 
may be called the political leader. Ctesiphon, it is to be 
noticed, was quite an unknown man. And yet his name 
is attached to this important decree. How can this be ex- 
plained except by the supposition that he was put forward 
by other men of greater power and distinction ? The Con- 
stitutional party, in fact, were throwing down a challenge 
to their opponents ; and their action would certainly lead 
to a public trial and contest. Now the fact that Ctesiphon 
was an unknown and insignificant person would be useful 
to them in two ways for fighting their battle of politics. 
Pirst, it would look as if the merits of Philip's chief antago- 
nist were such as to call forth the most disinterested praises, 
uttered by an humble voice in the ranks with honest, un- 
taught enthusiasm. Next, in attacking this decree, the 
prosecutor could get no hold on the character of its proposer. 
He would not be able to denounce the decree as proposed 
by a well-known demagogue, by a man of notorious charac- 
ter, whose very advocacy was enough to condemn his cause. 

At the actual date of Ctesiphon's measure, the numbers 



INTRODUCTION. V 

of the Macedonian party were probably weak in the Coun- 
cil, however strong they may have been in the body of the 
Assembly. The decree was passed by the Council, so far 
as we know, without opposition. It was then deposited 
among the public records, to await its confirmation by the 
vote of the next Assembly. At this stage it was merely a 
bill (TTpoftovXevfia) ; it required the vote of the Assembly to 
make it an act (^j^ioyza). The month in which it passed 
the Council, we are told, was Pyanepsion (corresponding to 
the second half of October and the first half of November) 
in the year 337. No step was taken to bring it before the 
Assembly, its supporters probably waiting for a favorable 
crisis to do so. But the fortunes of Macedon continued to 
be on the ascendant ; Philip had realized his full ambition, 
and was making his preparations to ijivade the Persian 
empire as commander-in-chief of Greece. The Macedonian 
party at Athens were accordingly stronger and bolder than 
ever. On the sixth day of Elaphebolion, five months after 
Ctesiphon's measure had received the sanction of the Coun- 
cil, iEschines laid a charge against him, before the Archons 
of the year, as having been guilty of irapavo^a on three dis- 
tinct grounds : (1) that he had proposed to honor with a 
public vote of thanks a commissioner and trustee whose ac- 
counts had yet to pass the ordeal of the public audit ; (2) that 
he had moved for a proclamation to be made in a place dis- 
tinctly forbidden by law ; (3) that he had caused a document 
false in substance to be deposited among the public records. 
These first and second points were, of course, purely technical. 
The third was the main issue ; whether it were true or false 
that Demosthenes had proved himself to be a public benefactor. 
In order to stop Ctesiphon's measure from coming before 
the Assembly, it was quite sufficient for iEschines to have 



Vi INTRODUCTION. 

given the above notice of action. Matters would rest in 
abeyance until the case was tried ; the state of the law on 
this point is incidentally mentioned in the course of our 
present speech.* In an action whose issue was so doubtful, 
neither party would be very anxious to hurry matters on ; 
each would be interposing delays till a favorable crisis came 
for their own particular object. The death of Philip, the 
revolts and confusion which followed, the prospects of Alex- 
ander's reign, whose success or failure no one could predict, 
these and the like variations of fortune kept the fickle De- 
mocracy of Athens in a constant state of excitement. As 
the fortunes of Macedon waxed or waned for the moment, 
so for that moment the Macedonian party would have the 
Athenian mob at their back or else at their throat. Until 
it was clear beyond all question what Alexander was equal 
to doing, any attempt to precipitate matters was warily 
to be avoided by the Constitutional party no less than by 
their opponents. In the depth of degradation which Athe- 
nian politics had reached, statesmanship had come to be 
merely a game played for the paltry stake of personal wealth 
and distinction. We entirely exempt Demosthenes him- 
self from this imputation ; and a few eminent names might 
be mentioned as being exceptions also. But the general run 
of leading politicians were animated by nothing else than 
the greed of personal advantage and interest. And the men 
composing the public Assembly were either puppets in the 
hands of a strong unscrupulous clique, or else a feeble faine- 
ant set of obstructives, without the courage or honesty to 
open their lips and speak the truth. Hence the policy of 
Athens wavered like a reed in the wind. Let the news have 
been received from Asia of " another great Macedonian vic- 

* §102, p. 36. 



INTRODUCTION. Vll 

tory," and all Athens would be on its knees to worship the 
youthful and rising sun. Next day let a fiery piece of rhet- 
oric burst from the lips of an independent member, and be- 
hold the "vulgus infidum" turning their backs on the 
luminary of yesterday's adoration. Men and parties being 
such at Athens, it is easy to see how the great question, 
which Ctesiphon's case would really raise, was allowed to 
lie in abeyance for some six years or more. At last, early in 
330, when the arms of Macedon were thoroughly triumphant, 
Alexander a few months before having crushed Darius at 
Arbela, and Antipater having done the same to the Pelopon- 
nesian league in Greece, iEschines thought they were strong 
enough to command a majority in the Assembly, and that 
any body of dikasts appointed to try the case would reflect 
public opinion and give their verdict accordingly. So he 
hurried his action on, to get Demosthenes censured and ru- 
ined before some change of fortune should intervene in his 
favor. 

A case so exciting as this insured a crowded court. From 
all parts of Greece, it is said,* they nocked to Athens to hear 
the trial. iEschines, speaking for the prosecution, dwells 
first on his two strong points, the technical breaches of the 
law. He then proceeds to make a withering analysis of all 
the public and private life of Demosthenes, showing him up 
in such a light that, if it were true, his proper portion would 
be, instead of public honor, public infamy and exile. He 
divides his analysis into four chapters : the first denounces 
the orator as accomplice of Philocrates, in making the fatal 
peace of 346 ; the second imputes to the orator's Eubcean 
policy the final breach of that peace with Philip, and all the 
war and disorder belonging to the whole period ; the third 

* Cicero, de Opt. Gen. Orat, 7«. 



Vlll INTRODUCTION". 

includes subsequent charges connected with the war against 
Amphissa, the alliance with Thebes, and the last conflict 
with Philip ; the fourth is confined to the reign of Alexan- 
der, taxing the orator with being Alexander's secret friend, 
whence three opportunities, it is alleged, have been allowed 
to slip, in any one of which the fortunes of Athens might 
fairly have been restored. Then there follows the famous 
picture of the perfect ideal politician, and a caricature of 
Demosthenes, to be viewed in strong contrast. The carica- 
ture is, of course, embellished with the grossest personality. 
And so concludes what we may call the first part of the 
oration, containing the separate arguments in support of 
the three distinct pleas. The second part is a warning to 
the Court on no account to allow Demosthenes to have this 
honor paid him. The present abuse of public laudation is 
contrasted bitterly with the ancient practice, when such 
honors were rare instead of common, and given only to men 
of merit, not to the worthless and venal. To remedy this, 
let them now revive the old severity of the Court in dealing 
with breaches of the Constitution. For instance, let them 
compel Demosthenes to reply to the charges in the order in 
which they were actually laid, taking the special illegalities 
first and the general topic after. iEschines then anticipates 
the line of his opponent's reply, and does his best to refute 
it, in detail as well as in general, specially explaining the 
reason why he had not brought forward these accusations 
sooner. He protests against the immorality, as well as the 
bad example to the young, of a man receiving a grant of 
honor who is not only undistinguished by any public ser- 
vice, but who has been also the cause of so many public 
disasters. Let them beware of styling such as the benefac- 
tors of the state ; let them think of their country and its 



INTEODUCTION. IX 

laws, and their own famous forefathers. The rest of his 
speech is merely a brilliant peroration. 

Ctesiphon now rose to reply, but we do not possess the 
smallest record of what his answer was. Probably it only 
amounted to a formal denial of the charge. He might safely 
leave Demosthenes to deal with the whole matter. How 
the orator discharged this duty we see in the speech itself. 
It only remains to notice its general merit and value. 

He vindicates with the greatest success his honesty as a 
politician. Whether his policy was wise, — whether the free- 
dom of Athens could not have been better secured by mak- 
ing Philip their friend than by driving him into hostility, — 
this is another question. But the course which the orator 
advised the state to take was certainly honest and brave, if 
it did verge on desperate. And when we compare him with 
the other leaders of the same age and time, his courage and 
honesty really shine as beyond description brilliant. It is 
well to bear this in mind when we read his self-laudation, 
which entirely lacks the reserve and delicacy one would 
have preferred to see. But he spoke under strong provoca- 
tion. Ever since this vote of honor had been proposed by 
Ctesiphon, accusation after accusation had been brought 
against Demosthenes by the friends and agents of Macedon. 
If they could once have secured a conviction, of course the 
decree of the Grown would have been ignominiously can- 
celled. Their attacks, in short, amounted to an organized 
persecution. ; and this persecution had lasted for something 
like six years. But the spirit of law and right was not 
entirely dead at Athens, although it was moribund. What 
with the strength of his character, and what with the strength 
of his party, the orator passed unscathed through this pro- 
tracted ordeal. But the iron must indeed have entered into 



X INTRODUCTION. 

his soul. And hence we can make a great allowance for the 
bitterness of his recrimination and the rather glaring colors 
of his eulogies on himself. He speaks like a man whose 
honest anger has been aggravated into passion, and like one 
whose consciousness of innocence has been aggravated into 
self-worship. We must also, in estimating the moral tone 
of the speech, allow for the decadence of his age and the 
low calibre of Athenian courts of justice. To a speaker ad- 
dressing such an audience, exaggeration was indispensable, 
and personalities, however coarse, were more impressive than 
any logic. If we estimated the Speech on the Crown from 
an objective point of view, we might call its arguments 
somewhat strained, its veracity sometimes suspicious, and 
its taste by no means faultless. But defects which belong 
to an age or a nation can only be viewed apart. Whatever 
else may be said of the speech, " the greatest effort of the 
greatest orator," this at least is undeniable, — it won a tri- 
umph for right and truth at a very critical moment, and has 
cleared forever the public character of one who was truly a 
patriot. 

The instances of suspicious veracity are noticed as they 
occur ; * my own theory respecting them is that the orator's 
statements are just true in the letter, just barely true and 
no more, anything but explicit, and very likely to con- 
vey a false impression to his hearers. Morally they are as 
indefensible as if they were actual falsehood ; but rhetori- 
cally they were perfect triumphs of ingenuity and skill. The 
usual interpretation of them would make Demosthenes guilty 
not merely of direct misstatements, but also of positive stu- 
pidity ; the former, I think, is very improbable, the latter 
quite impossible. To hope to defeat an opponent by flat 

* See §§ 22, 24, notes. 



INTRODUCTION. xi 

contradiction involving palpable falsehood, this would be 
simply absurd ; and Demosthenes of all men would have 
been the last to attempt it. So with respect to his defence 
on the two technical points of law, some of the editors im- 
pute to him a tissue of pure inventions ; and there again it 
is doubtful whether they do a greater insult to his truthful- 
ness or to his common-sense, or, last of all, to his talent. I 
should fancy the case to be thus : that iEschines, in his 
accusations, had raked up clauses of law, existing indeed, 
but never now enforced, or at any rate very frequently vio- 
lated by consent ; that Demosthenes, on the other hand, 
raked up clauses of exceptions and exemptions belonging to 
the same laws, and equally obsolete, or at any rate of equally 
little importance in point of right. He might as well have 
stated honestly that this was his line of argument. But 
such a statement would not have suited Athenian critical 
ears. Nothing except artifice would ever satisfy them. 2E&- 
chines had shown superb artifice in getting the legal objec- 
tions together; it was now for Demosthenes to show the 
same by the manner in which he would overthrow them. 
If Ctesiphon's measure had really been so directly in viola- 
tion of the law, is it likely that the Council would have 
passed it 1 or that he himself would not have been warned 
to amend the measure for his own sake 1 Again, if Demos- 
thenes's reply on the legal points of the case had been really 
as convincing as he pretends it to be, is it likely that he 
would have objected to take those two points first and the 
general topic after 1 ? I believe, in fine, that these two 
breaches of the law were nominal rather than real ; the law 
in both cases existed, if any one chose to enforce it ; the 
law might be made to apply to the present charge in both 
cases, if the Court were only disposed to rule in that direc- 



Xil INTRODUCTION. 

tion. If they were otherwise disposed, the legal points were 
entirely worthless. If the Court wished to condemn Ctesi- 
phon, they had a legal justification, although of a feeble 
kind. If the Court wished to acquit him, they had their 
justification then in common-sense and in common practice. 
The real issue, as we have seen, in the present prosecu- 
tion, was not an issue of points disputed in national law or 
national history ; the issue was whether Philip's opponents 
at Athens could or could not be crushed ; Demosthenes once 
overthrown, the rest of his party would prove easy victims. 
But JEschines had overrated his own ability and influence. 
The fiery rhetoric of the reply shrivelled the accusation to 
atoms. The popular Court of Justice at Athens, always 
notorious for their facility in yielding anything and every- 
thing to the eloquence of the moment, always in the hands 
and at the beck of the person who happened to speak last, 
had no hesitation whatever in their verdict on this occasion. 
By the honesty of their political leaders most of them would 
set but little store ; by the talent of their public speakers 
there was scarcely a man who would not set a store which 
was the very greatest. And where, as on this rare occasion, 
honesty and talent fought combined, their force was irre- 
sistible, and their triumph perfectly certain. The few who 
did not care for the orator's eloquence would give him their 
support as an honest man and a victim ; the many who did 
not care for the orator's honesty would give him their sup- 
port as a truly glorious speaker. So that iEschines would 
be reduced to personal friends or bought partisans as his 
only supporters on the bench. It is little marvel that he 
failed to obtain even so much as one fifth of the votes, and 
left the Assembly a ruined man with nothing but exile be- 
fore him. 



introduction. xiii 

The blow lie had aimed at Demosthenes was suicidal to 
himself. JSTor can we imagine the possibility of any other 
result than this when we read the rival speeches. The ver- 
dict of any who reads them will surely be always the same 
as that of the Court which heard them. True, the speech 
of iEschines has many points that are brilliant. But it is 
inferior in vigor, inferior in dexterity, inferior in its indigna- 
tion, and inferior in its pathos. The one speech has a genu- 
ine ring of patriotism and courage about it ; the other rings like 
debased metal, coated over thickly enough with an affecta- 
tion of high principle, but still transparent to the naked eye 
as coin that will not pass. "We have the two orations to 
compare in their last, most finished shape, not as they were 
actually spoken, but as they were corrected and polished, 
with a view to publication by their authors in permanent 
manuscript form. They are, therefore, works which embody 
reflection and logical power, as well as ready eloquence and 
mere rhetorical talent. The comparison leads to only one 
conclusion, that Demosthenes, in our common phrase, was 
the "better man all round." It is really impossible to say 
that iEschines has the advantage of him at any point what- 
ever, — even on the two legal questions, be their value what 
it may. Never perhaps in the course of history was defeat 
in a political duel so decisive, so overwhelming, so irretriev- 
able as this. 

To conclude : if we cannot wholly approve the moral tone 
of the Speech on the Crown, we can praise without reserve 
or stint the magnificent style of its language. The orator's 
exquisite choice of words and their still more perfect arrange- 
ment, the splendid roll of his long periods, the delicate bal- 
ance of the antitheta, the superb grammatical finish pervading 
the whole, — these are unmistakable indeed ; there can be 



XIV INTRODUCTION. 

but one opinion about them. It is pleasant to know that 
even in those days the beaten rival could own so freely his 
victor's superior merit ; we agree entirely with iEschines, 
that a speech so grand to read must have been sublime to 
hear ; we echo his graceful compliment, and add ourselves 
what his Ehodian friends may perhaps have added then, 
"0 'si audissemus.' " 



II. 

The " Phocian "War " and the " Peace of Philocrates " are 
introduced so prominently iu the course of the Speech on 
the Crown that a brief historical notice of both is almost 
indispensable. But the records we have of this period are 
so confused and involved that we cannot assign exact dates 
to each of the several events : we are only able to trace 
their general sequence and connection. The War took its 
rise most probably out of the old ill-feeling which had 
always subsisted between Thebes and Phocis, and a strong 
wish, on the part of Thebes, to cripple Phocis as a danger- 
ous and ill-affected neighbor. For this purpose they took 
advantage of the all but defunct Amphictyonic Council, 
whose meetings for a long period had been little more than 
formal, and whose decrees had ceased to be looked on as of 
any political importance. However, the state of Phocis, in 
the year 357, was prosecuted before this Council as guilty 
of sacrilege. The ground of the charge was the fact that 
they had occupied and tilled a part of the land which was 
dedicated to Apollo as supreme God of Delphi. The prose- 
cution was actually brought by the Thessalian members of 
the Council ; but it is almost certain that Thebes was the 



INTRODUCTION. XV 

prime mover in the case, and Thessaly merely their instru- 
ment. Sentence was passed on the Phocians, and a heavy 
fine imposed. At this time the leading men of Phocis were 
Philomelus and his two brothers, Onomarchus and Phayllus. 
At the instigation of Philomelus, the Phocians refused to 
pay the fine, marched upon Delphi and seized the town and 
temple, alleging that they were the original presidents of the 
oracle, and therefore entitled to hold it in their own posses- 
sion. Of course they intended to use the oracle as the 
mouthpiece of their own policy, and in fact Philomelus did 
so on the earliest opportunity. Thus they were able, osten- 
sibly, to condemn and annul the decrees of the Amphic- 
tyonic Council by the voice and sentence of the God him- 
self, whose honor and worship that Council was specially 
appointed to guard. And hence the war, as regarded from 
the view of either party, was entitled the " Sacred War," 
and is commonly so referred to. 

Two unsuccessful attempts to expel the Phocians from 
Delphi were made by the neighboring state, the Locrians 
of Amphissa. After the second defeat the Locrians im- 
plored the help of Thebes, appealing to them in the name 
of the God. Thebes assented, and induced Thessaly to join 
them in making the attack. On the other hand, Athens 
and Sparta favored Philomelus, though they could not give 
him active support ; and Achaea sent him a small army of 
reinforcement. After an irregular campaign and a battle 
near the town of Neon, the result of which was doubtful, 
the Phocians retired on Delphi, and the allies went home. 
Philomelus, who was killed in the last engagement, was 
succeeded by Onomarchus as commander-in-chief. The lat- 
ter seems to have been a vicious despot, but an able gen- 
eral. He conducted the war with such success that he laid 



XVI INTRODUCTION. 

Locris and Doris waste, captured Amphissa and other 
towns, seized Orchomenus in Boeotia, and^ was actually 
besieging Chseronea when the Theban army compelled him 
to fall back on his own territory. 

At this point of the war, in the year 352, Onomarchus 
was appealed to for aid by Lycophron of Pherse (probably 
his ally ; for Pherse had refused to join the rest of Thessaly 
in the attack on Phocis) : Pherse was being besieged by 
Philip of Macedon, abetted, though little aided, by the 
northern Thessalians, at whose invitation he had first in- 
vaded Thessaly, in order that they might gratify their old 
grudge against the Pherseans. Onomarchus sent Phayllus 
with an army to relieve Pherse, but he was defeated and 
driven back. Onomarchus then advanced upon Philip 
himself with the whole of his forces; but after some few 
partial successes, his army was utterly crushed, and he lost 
his own life. Pherae surrendered, and Philip was master 
of Thessaly. 

The remnant of the Phocian army, having returned under 
the command of Phayllus, seems to have been in a little 
time reconstituted as a military force. Mercenary troops at 
this period were easy enough to procure. And the plunder 
of the sacred treasury at Delphi had supplied the Phocians 
with ample funds for this and all the expenses of the war. 
They now seem to have invaded Boeotia with more or less 
of success ; they prolonged the conflict up to the year 346. 
Meantime, Athens was intriguing to recover Thespise and 
Platea, and, at all events, Oropus ; Sparta was trying to 
annex Megalopolis and Messene. Hence Megalopolis, in 
352, solicited the aid of Athens against Sparta ; but Ath- 
ens, after much discussion, resolved to remain neutral. 
The Thebans, however, sent a strong force, just set at lib- 



INTRODUCTION. xvii 

erty by the defeat of Ononiarchus, to assist the Megalopoli- 
tans : Argos, Sicyon, Messene, also joined the same side. 
Sparta, on the other hand, was aided by Phocis and Phe- 
rse : and a series of dubious battles followed, ending in 
a hollow truce, no decisive results whatever having been 
attained by either side. 

Philip, in the interval, had made secure his ground in 
Thessaly, and then proceeded to do the same in Thrace. 
Forming an alliance with one Thracian potentate, Amado- 
cus, he invaded the dominions of another, the famous Cer- 
sobleptes, defeated him in battle, and carried away his son 
as a hostage. Having thus made good his footing in 
Thrace, he made a demonstration against Herseum on the 
Propontis, to the great temporary wrath and excitement of 
the Athenians, who, however, took no action at present, in 
spite of the urgent appeals addressed to them by Demos- 
thenes. Consequently Philip went on with his plans 
against the Chalcidian cities. In the year 349 he began 
the actual attack, having spent the two previous years in 
sowing the seeds of venal treachery in all their principal 
towns. Although interrupted by a revolt of Pherae, and by 
the Athenian forces sent under Chares and Charidemus to 
the assistance and relief of Olynthus, Philip succeeded 
either by treachery or force in capturing all the chief of the 
Chalcidian cities, and Olynthus finally surrendered, and 
was razed to the ground in the year 348. 

In the course of all these events Demosthenes had main- 
tained the same consistent attitude : we have his speeches 
which trace the whole history ; the speech on behalf of the 
Megalopolitans, spoken in 353 or 352 ; the first Philippic, 
spoken in 351, when Philip had jnst commenced the siege 
of Herseum; lastly, the Olynthiac orations in 349. The 
b 



xviii INTRODUCTION. 

orator, up to this point, had showed himself as the earnest 
and bitter antagonist of the king of Macedon, and with rare 
political foresight had understood from the outset the ulte- 
rior aims of Philip regarding the states of Greece. 

•And now we have come to the " Peace of Philocrates." 
In November of the year 347 Philocrates passed a resolu- 
tion in the Assembly at Athens that envoys should be sent 
to Philip to make terms of peace and alliance. Among the 
envoys were Demosthenes and iEschines both : Philip met 
them at Pella. His diplomacy proved completely tri- 
umphant over the Athenian politicians ; he forced Athenian 
concessions out of them, one after another ; but they failed 
to elicit from him the slightest promise or arrangement re- 
specting Thrace, Thebes, or Phocis. Yet, strange to say, 
when the envoys returned to Athens, in March of the year 
346, after hot discussion, debate, and reciprocal vilification, 
the terms of peace were accepted ; and Antipater, on Phil- 
ip's part, actually administered the oath of peace to the 
Athenians, so that their state was bound to inaction, 
Philip still remaining at liberty to carry on his operations 
until he should formally have taken the same oath himself. 
A second body of envoys from Athens to administer the 
oath to Philip, after delay and procrastination which makes 
their conduct most suspicious, find him at last in Thrace, 
just victorious in a campaign with his old enemy, Cerso- 
bleptes, who for the time is utterly crushed and made into 
a tributary subject. Thus the territory lying between 
Macedonia and the Athenian property in the Chersonese 
is entirely in Philip's hands. He can march through it as 
he pleases, and use its resources at his own discretion. 
Still the envoys show no haste in binding him down by 
the oath of peace. More than two months have now been 



INTRODUCTION. xix 

wasted since the oath was taken by Athens ; yet Philip be- 
guiles the envoys to come with him southward, as far as 
Pherse, before he consents to be sworn : at Pherae he does 
at last condescend to confirm the treaty, with this grave 
exception however, that the Phocians are formally excluded 
from it. This was the death blow of Phocis. Phalsecus, 
their commander-in-chief (the son of Onomarchus, who had 
succeeded to the office on the death of his uncle Phayllus), 
at first prepared to resist Philip with the aid of Archidamus 
and a Lacedaemonian force. But he and Archidamus 
quarrelled as to the plan of the campaign, and the Lacedae- 
monians withdrew. Phalaecus then turned traitor, and 
made terms with Philip for himself and his mercenaries. 
Philip allowed them to retire unharmed, and these soldiers 
of fortune betook themselves to Crete. Meantime the 
Macedonian forces were in the heart of Phocis. The Pho- 
cians, although deserted by their leader and by their army, 
made a desperate effort to resist the invading foe. The 
result was that their cities were stormed and all the inhab- 
itants taken captive. 

The Amphictyonic Council met, to decide on the sen- 
tence that should be passed upon Phocis. They decreed 
that all the towns of the state, excepting Abae, should be 
destroyed, and that henceforward the Phocians should live 
in small and scattered villages. It was further decreed that 
they should pay a fine of ten thousand talents, in annual 
instalments of sixty ; that they should be excluded hence- 
forward from entering the temple of Delphi * and that they 
should forfeit their seat in the Amphictyonic body. Their 
seat, with its two votes, was transferred to Macedon. 

So concluded the Phocian "War after some ten years' dura- 
tion. It may seem strange that so small a state should 



XX INTRODUCTION. 

have ever been able to bold its own in a conflict thus 
severe and protracted. The explanation, however, lies in 
the simple facts of the case : their funds were ample, their 
leaders a very determined and influential family, their army 
was easy to raise and recruit with the help of mercenary 
troops. The cause of the war, and the war itself, is insig- 
nificant enough, and would scarcely have left a mark in 
history, but for the serious results of which it proved the 
beginning. Phocis, we may say, in point of fact, was Phil- 
ip's opportunity in Greece, just as Pherge had been his 
opportunity in Thessaly, and just as Cersobleptes had been 
his opportunity in Thrace. Step by step the king of Mace- 
don pursued his southward way. His policy was as con- 
sistent and simple as it was unscrupulous and wholly im- 
moral : to take part in a national quarrel with whatever 
side appeared the stronger, to pursue that quarrel up to its 
end till the hostile party was vanquished, when the whole 
nation in consequence would be at his own disposal, either 
as conquered subjects, or else as friends and allies. So he 
had dealt with Thessaly and Thrace; so he proceeded to 
deal with Greece. And wherever the force of arms would 
have been inadequate for his purpose, there he tried the 
more deadly forces of bribery and of corruption, until he 
had so far corroded the strength of the power he wished to 
assail, that their making any effectual resistance was really 
out of the question. Nor were his arts of corruption of a 
merely vulgar kind : they included personal courtesy and 
friendship, frequent and profuse hospitalities, the exercise 
of great diplomatic talent, as well as unlimited money. By 
such policy firmly maintained with immense tenacity of 
purpose, and carried out in all its details with extraordinary 
courage and vigor, Philip made his upward career as rapid 
as it was triumphant. But his aims were always far be- 



INTRODUCTION. XXI 

yond the narrow limits of Hellas. As Thessaly and Thrace 
to him were but stepping-stones to Greece, so Greece itself 
was to him but a stepping-stone to Persia. He could only 
hope to invade the Persian Empire as leader of the united 
Greeks, and with all their power to support him. He could 
only hope to secure their support by bringing them all be- 
neath his own control, either in right of conquest, or else in 
right of alliance. His direct aim therefore was to be recog- 
nized, in the first instance, as one of the Powers of Greece. 
The Phocian War supplied him the means, and the close of 
that conflict saw his end attained. 

The Peace of Philocrates was imperilled in the very year 
it was made. Athens omitted to send envoys to represent 
her, as usual, at the Pythian games that year, where Philip, 
or at any rate Macedon, had been appointed to preside. 
Envoys were sent by Philip to Athens to call this conduct 
in question ; but matters seem to have been adjusted. It 
was at this crisis that Demosthenes delivered his oration on 
the Peace, and deprecated most strongly the renewal of the 
hostilities. 

The years 345 and 344 have little that is remarkable. 
Philip, renewing his old course of intrigue, gave the Messe- 
nians assistance against the Lacedaemonians, and so ob- 
tained for himself a hold on the Peloponnesus ; he also 
achieved a triumphant expedition into Thrace, and on his 
return he made a redistribution of Thessaly. At this junc- 
ture Demosthenes delivered his Second Philippic. He had 
previously been sent by Athens as envoy to Messene and 
Argos, in order to caution those states against the designs 
of Philip. 

In the next year, 343, fortune favored to some extent the 
Athenian undertakings. They baffled Philip in his attacks 
on Megara, Ambracia, and Leucas. They conducted nego- 



Xxii INTRODUCTION. 

tiations with him in a very independent tone respecting 
Cardia and Halonnesus and other places in dispute. This 
was the year when Demosthenes and iEschines both deliv- 
ered their orations about the alleged Misconduct of Em- 
bassy. The speech of Demosthenes on Halonnesus, as 
well as these two speeches, give the very fullest account of 
the whole political situation. 

In the two succeeding years, 342 and 341, the disturb- 
ances about Euboea are the most important feature. 
Macedonian troops occupied Oreus, and revolutions, both in 
that town and Eretria, placed a despotic government in 
both, of course in Philip's interest. The king of Macedon 
was equally busy in Thrace and in the Propontis, where his 
action seriously menaced the interests and property of 
Athens. Demosthenes made his Speech on the Chersonese, 
and at his instance Athenian forces were sent to Euboea, in 
the autumn of the year 341, which expelled the despots of 
Oreus and Eretria. Demosthenes was honored with the 
thanks of the state ; and in this year he spoke his Third 
Philippic. 

Matters had clearly come to a crisis when peace between 
Athens and Macedon could no longer be maintained. 
Philip laid siege to Perinthus as a means to capture Byzan- 
tium; finding an unexpected resistance, he blockaded By- 
zantium simultaneously. And early in 340 he sent a letter 
to Athens which amounted to a formal complaint of their 
hostile action in various cases since the conclusion of peace. 
Finally, it threatened them with speedy punishment, unless 
they altered their policy. On this challenge being received, 
Demosthenes urged that it should be accepted at once, and 
that a fleet from Athens should be sent to relieve Byzan- 
tium. War was then formally declared, and so ended the 
Peace of Philocrates. 



ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT. 



An oration which, by the unanimous verdict of the best 
judges in ancient and modern times, has been pronounced 
not only " the unapproachable masterpiece of Grecian ora- 
tory," but " the greatest speech of the greatest orator in the 
world," and which so candid and capable a critic as David 
Hume has declared to be " the most perfect production of 
the human intellect," cannot have been a mere display of 
subtle logic or splendid rhetoric. It must have possessed 
more substantial merits. It was, in fact, what all the judi- 
cial orations of Demosthenes were, emphatically an argu- 
ment constructed on a well-considered and wisely ordered 
plan, having a beginning, a middle, and an end. The orator 
himself, in the opening of his speech, insists on " the order 
of arrangement" which "he has chosen for himself" as at 
once his constitutional right and quite indispensable to a 
successful defence. The student or reader, therefore, who 
would understand and appreciate the oration, should observe 
and see clearly what that order is. 

The skeleton or frame-work of the argument is concisely 
as follows : The first eight sections constitute the exordium, 
or introduction, in which, modestly but earnestly, he claims 
his right to make his own defence in his own way, and with 
marvellous skill sweeps away all the cunning contrivances of 



XXIV ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT. 

his prosecutor, and clears the ground for a fair fight. The 
next forty-four sections (9-52) are occupied with some pre- 
liminary and extraneous matters in reply to assaults partly 
on his private character and partly on public measures on 
which iEschines had dwelt at great length, but for which, 
being prior to the administration of Demosthenes, he was 
in no way responsible, or which, in legal terms, were wholly 
impertinent to the indictment. In the next seventy-three 
sections (53 - 125) he takes up the charges in the very order 
of the indictment : first, defending his public policy during 
the period in which he took a leading part in the affairs of 
the state ; secondly, justifying the proposal of Ctesiphon that 
he should be crowned for his patriotic services while he was 
still in office and his accounts had not yet been audited ; 
and, thirdly, showing that it was lawful and proper that the 
crown should be proclaimed, as Ctesiphon proposed, in the 
theatre at the Dionysiac festivals. This review of the meas- 
ures by which he had deserved such public honors and for 
which, in repeated instances, he had been previously crowned, 
leads the orator to show up # in contrast the character and 
conduct of his rival. This terrible invective occupies the 
next thirty-four sections (126 - 159). Having thus disposed, 
in passing as it were, of some of the strongest points in the 
argument of iEschines, he returns to a narration, rapid and 
graphic, of the course of events in the last great struggle 
of Grecian liberty against the supremacy of Macedon, and 
puts forth that world-renowned matchless justification or 
rather glorification of his policy which, though it led to the 
disaster at Chaeronea, was the only policy which Athens 
could have adopted consistently with her ancestral glory, 
and of which the Athenians themselves, after their defeat, 
expressed their unshaken and hearty approval by choosing 



ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT. XXV 

Demosthenes to pronounce the funeral oration over those 
who had fallen in the battle (160-290). In the remain- 
ing sections (291 - 324), which are of a more general nature, 
the orator portrays the ideal statesman and statesmanship 
which Athens required for those times, and shows how he 
himself had answered to that ideal, in contrast with the 
baseness and treachery of JEsehines and his fellow hirelings 
and traitors in all the Grecian States, concluding with that 
magnificent prayer and imprecation which the best trans- 
lators have confessed their inability to render adequately 
into any other language. 

The commentators all remark the felicity of the general 
arrangement by which he throws the merely technical and 
legal points wherein his own weakness and the strength of 
his opponent lay into the middle of his oration, as Nestor 
advised Agamemnon to drive into the middle his poorest 
troops, while the beginning and end and main portion are 
so ablaze with the glory of his public policy, which his 
judges and hearers had adopted and still cherished as their 
own, that if they gave any consideration to these nice 
points of law, they could not but regard them practically 
as of no account. A critical examination of the whole 
structure of the oration, like that of Dissen, discloses a 
similar felicity in the arrangement of each and all of the 
several parts. At the same time, there is no appearance of 
art. It is that perfect art which conceals art, and seems 
like nature. The topics and arguments succeed each other 
in the most natural order. The critical reader cannot fail 
to discern this in the mere skeleton above given, and he 
will discern it more fully at every step as he advances in 
the reading and the study of the oration. ^Nor can he fail 
to observe with what consummate skill the orator plants 



XXVi ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT. 

a battery on every position of which he takes possession in 
his argument, and then with what tremendous power he 
pours the hot shot of his fiery invective upon the character 
and standing of his rival. 

The following remarks of Mr. Kennedy draw a just com- 
parison between the two orators, and furnish a concise and 
graphic outline of the principal topics in the oration of 
Demosthenes. " As the speeches of both the orators are 
preserved to us, we have the means of comparing one with 
the other and forming our opinion of their respective merits. 
The world in general have decided as the people of Athens 
did, not only upon the oratorical merits of the two rivals, 
but upon the principal questions at issue between them. 
The accuser, who thought to brand his opponent with eter- 
nal infamy, has only added to the lustre of his renown. 
Independently of the internal evidence furnished by this 
and other orations of Demosthenes which have carried to 
most hearts a conviction of his patriotism, we cannot fail 
to be strongly influenced by the judgment of the Athenians 
themselves, whom neither their own past misfortunes nor 
the terror inspired by the late victory of Antipater could 
deter from giving a verdict, by which, while they acquitted 
Demosthenes from all blame, they in effect declared their 
approbation of his measures in opposition to Macedonia. 

The reader who carefully examines the speech of JEs- 
chines will not fail to observe that he betrays a . conscious- 
ness of weakness in that part of his case where he attacks 
the political character of his rival. He seems also to feel 
that he is speaking in opposition to the general feeling of 
his hearers. His own character as a politician had been 
dubious ; his conduct so open to suspicion that, while he 
most bitterly assails his adversary, he is constantly under 



ANALYSIS OF THE AEGUMENT. XXvii 

the necessity of defending himself. On the whole life, 
public and private, of Demosthenes, he pours a torrent of 
invective ; to this the greater part of his speech is directed ; 
yet he seems to have been impelled to it rather by hate 
and revenge than by any calculation of advantage. On 
the other hand, when he deals with the legal part of his 
case, commenting on those specific violations of law which 
Ctesiphon's measure was charged with, it is evident that 
his strength lay there ; he handles his subject temperately, 
skilfully, and carefully, laboring to make every point clear 
to the jury, and to. impress them with the conviction that 
to uphold the laws was the sure way to maintain consti- 
tutional government. On these points he mainly relied, 
hoping by this measure to secure a verdict which would 
give him a triumph over his enemy, and carry the general 
opinion over Greece that the credit and influence of De- 
mosthenes were extinguished. 

Demosthenes, feeling his weakness as to the legal ques- 
tions, dexterously throws them into the middle of his speech 
and passes rapidly and lightly over them, while he devotes 
his greatest efforts to the vindication of his own merits as 
a patriot and a statesman. Eefusing to comply with the 
insidious demand of iEschines that he should take the 
questions in the same order as his accuser, he insists upon 
his legal right to conduct his defence as he pleases. Open- 
ing with a modest exordium to conciliate the favor of the 
jury, he launches gradually into the history of his own 
conduct and measures, presenting first a general view of- 
the condition of Greece when he entered public life, and 
of the difficulties under which the Athenians labored in 
their contest with Philip ; then setting forth his own views, 
plans, and objects, and showing that he had advised a course 



XXVlli ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT. 

of action which both the circumstances of the time and the 
honor of the country required. He apologizes for the self- 
praise mixed up with his speech, on the ground that he was 
drawn to it by his opponent. Entering on the Sacred "War 
and the Peace of b. c. 346, he labors to exculpate himself 
from all share in the errors then committed, imputing them 
chiefly to the negligence of the other ambassadors and to 
the treachery of Philocrates and iEschines, who, by the 
false hopes which they excited at Athens, prevented the 
people from assisting the Phocians. Coming to the events 
which brought on a renewal of the war, he shows how 
Philip's ambitious projects and encroachments in every part 
of Greece made it necessary to oppose him, especially for 
the Athenians who were menaced at home as well as abroad 
by his aggressions in Thrace, Euboea, and Megara. He pur- 
sues these topics until he has carried with him the feelings 
of his hearers, which must have been strongly on his side 
when he dilated on the glorious issue of the campaigns in 
Euboea and the Propontis, and read to them the decrees of 
the Byzantines, Perinthians, and Chersonesites in honor of 
Athens, all which were due to the vigorous measures of his 
own administration. Having thus secured the good-will 
and sympathy of his judges, he proceeds to discuss the 
legal charges against Ctesiphon. Dwelling on them but a 
short time, he plunges into a personal attack upon iEschines, 
holding up to ridicule the meanness of his birth and parent- 
age, and retorting on him the same coarse and opprobrious 
language which had been used towards himself. The bit- 
terness of his invective is only to be excused on the ground 
of strong provocation, added to an assurance that his more 
grave charges of treason and corruption were well-founded. 
Those charges, so often advanced before, he here repeats, 



ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT. xxix 

denouncing more particularly the conduct of iEschines upon 
his mission to Delphi, r, c. 339, to which the disaster of 
Chseronea was attributable. The account which iEschines 
had given of this affair he shows to be false, and enters 
upon a minute examination of the proceedings which caused 
Philip to be elected Amphictyonic general, and to march 
south an invading army, nominally against the Amphissian 
Ionians, really against Bceotia and Attica. A graphic de- 
scription is given of the consternation at Athens on hearing 
that Philip had seized Elatea. The meeting of the people, 
the advice of Demosthenes to them, his embassy to Thebes, 
the success of his negotiations, and the conclusion of the 
alliance between Thebes and Athens are briefly recounted, 
Demosthenes forcibly pointing out the advantage of his 
measures, contending that they were not to be judged by 
the mere event of the battle, and that it was far more glo- 
rious for his country to be defeated in a struggle for the 
independence of Greece than it would have been to keep 
aloof from the contest. Here he makes that noble adjura- 
tion which has in all ages been admired, appealing to his 
countrymen by the deeds of their ancestors, of whom they 
would have acted most unworthily, had they without a 
struggle abandoned the post of honor bequeathed to them. 
He himself as a statesman woidd have deserved execration, 
had he advised such a course. The failure of their arms 
was not to be imputed to the minister, who had done all he 
could to insure their success, but rather to the commanders 
or to evil fortune. As iEschines had said so much about 
the ill-fortune which attended him, he draws a comparison 
between the different fortunes of himself and his rival, first 
of their early life and education, next of their course as 
public men. iEschines from the beginning had taken a 



XXX ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT. 

part which put him in opposition to the true interests 
of Athens, which caused him to rejoice at her disasters, to 
quail and tremble at her successes. He never came forward 
to assist her counsels when she needed them, but only to 
censure others who had given their honest advice because 
it had not turned out as well as was expected. It was a 
signal proof of his malignant disposition, that he had ex- 
patiated on the late disastrous events as if they were a 
subject of triumph to him, without shedding a single tear, 
without any faltering in his voice, without betraying the 
least emotion or symptom of grief. In reply to the chal- 
lenge of iEschines to say for what merit he claimed the 
reward of a crown, Demosthenes boldly declares, for his 
incorruptibility, by which he was distinguished, not only 
from iEschines, but from the multitude of venal orators in 
the Grecian world. Had there been but a few more like 
himself in other states, Macedonia never could have risen 
to greatness upon their ruin. He had done all that was 
possible for a single man ; and Athens, while she shared the 
misfortune of all the Greeks, had the consolation of reflect- 
ing that she had striven gallantly and bravely to avert the 
common calamity. iEschines had lauded the great men of 
a by-gone age, drawing an invidious contrast between De- 
mosthenes and them. This, says Demosthenes, was not a 
fair way of judging him : he should be tried by reference 
to his own acts as compared with those of his contempo- 
raries. Yet even from the former comparison he did not 
shrink ; for he had acted on the same principles as the 
statesmen of olden time, striving always to maintain the 
honor and dignity of Athens. Attachment to his country 
and earnest anxiety for her welfare had been his constant 
and abiding motives of action : throughout his whole life, 



ANALYSIS OF THE AEGUMENT. « XXXI 

in the day of power, in the hour of trial and adversity, 
those feelings had never deserted him : that was the test of 
a good and honest citizen ; by that he ought to be judged. 

Such is, in substance, the argument of this celebrated 
oration as far as relates to the main question in the cause. 
The effect produced by the speech upon an Athenian audi- 
ence can be but faintly imagined by us who read it at this 
distance of time. Although Athens was not then what she 
had once been ; although she was shorn of her honors, 
stripped of her empire and dependencies, without allies, 
without resources, without means of resistance to that iron 
power under which all Greece had succumbed, there was 
still the remembrance of the past, not yet extinguished by 
habitual servitude ; there were still vague hopes of future 
deliverance, and a fire of smothered indignation burning in 
the hearts of the people, ready to burst into a flame at the 
first opportunity. That such were their feelings is proved 
by what occurred seven years afterwards upon the death of 
Alexander, when Athens made one convulsive effort for 
freedom, ere she finally submitted to her fate. Demosthenes 
stood before his countrymen, representing all which re- 
. mained of Athenian dignity and glory. If any man could 
help them, it was he. His advice had always been steady 
and constant ; his warnings should have been earlier at- 
tended to ; but even yet there might be need of him. He 
was their consolation for the past, their hope for the future. 
During the progress of his address such thoughts rushed 
upon their minds with greater and greater force, till they 
were elevated above themselves, and all the spirit of their 
ancestors was, for the moment, regenerate within them. 
They felt that it was impossible for them to find him guilty 
without passing sentence upon themselves, without con- 



XXxii ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT. 

demning the policy which Athens had for a long series of 
years consistently pursued. The genius of Athens protected 
her from such disgrace; and by an overwhelming majority, 
which left the accuser no choice but to retire into exile, 
a verdict was given for the defendant. 






TIIEP KTHSreflNTOS nEPI 
TOT STE^ANOT. 



IIPflTON fiev, a) avBpe? AOrjvaloi, to?? Oeols 
ev%ofiai iraaL kclI Tracat?, oarrjv evvoiav €%cov eyco 
SiareXa rrj re iroXei kglL ttclgiv vjj,2v, ToaavTrjv 
virdp^ai fioi Trap v/jlcov et? tovtovI tov aycova, 
eireiO oirep ecrri [luXiaO virep v/jlcov kclI t?J? v/ieTep- 5 
a? ev<re(3eia<; re /ecu So^?, tovto irapacrTrjaai tou? 
6eovs vfilv, ijlt] tov uvtlBlkov av/jL/3ov\ov 7roi7](Ta(j0at, 
irep\ tov 7TW9 aKOveiv vfia<; €(jlov Bel (a^erkLOV yap % 
av eirj tovto ye), aXka tou? vo/jlov? kcu tov bptcov, 
ev a> irpos airao-c T06<? aWoi? Blkcuol? kcu tovto 10 
yeypaTrTcu, to ofiocco? aficpolv afcpodaaaOai. tovto 
B €gtiv ov fjbovov to /AT] TrpoKaTeyvcoKevac /irjBev, 
ovBe to Tr\v evvoiav icrrjv aficfroTepois diroBovvai, 
a\\a Kai to ttj Ta^ei kcu ttj a7ro\oyia, a>? {3e/3ov- 
XrjTat Kat TrporjprjTac tgov aycovc^ofievcov e/ea<7T0?, 15 
ovtco? eacrai ^prjaaaOat. 

IloWd /iev ovv eycoy eXaTTovfiat, KaTa tovtovc 1 
tov dywva Aieylvov, Bvo B\ <y avBpe? * AQi\valoi, 



2 JHM029EN0TZ [ 22 6. 4 

/«m /JteyaXa, ev jxev on ov Trepc tcov ccrcov aycovt^o- 
fiat • ou fyctjO eartv laov wv epLOL rrjs Trap v/jlcov 
evvota? hiapuapTelv kcli tovtco fir) eXelv tj)v ypacf)r)v, 
aU e/jLOL fiev — ou fiovXofiai 8e Svcr^epe^ eiirelv 

5 ovoev ap%OfjL€vo<; tov Xoyov, ovtos o etc Trepiovacas 
fiov KcnriyopeL. erepov 8 , b cpvaec nraavv avOpco- 
ttols virdp^ei, tcov fiev XoiBopicov kcli tcov /carrjyo- 
picov aKoveiv r)8ecos, Tot? eiraivovcn 8 avTov? ayQea- 

4 Oat ' tovtcov Totvvv b fiev eoTi Trpos rjBovrjv, tovtco 

io SeSorai, o 8e iraaiv a>? eiros etiretv evo^Xet, Xotirov 
eptoi. kclv fiev evXaftovpLevos tovto pur) Xeyco tcl 
ireirpayiJieva eptavTco, ovk e%etv aTroXvcracrOai tcl 
Trarrjyoprjiubeva 8d^co ov8 ecp oh atjtco Ttfiaadat 
beiKWvai • eav a 6(p a kcli TreTrotrjKa kcli TreiroXt- 

15 Tev/nat /3ao7£a>, ttoXXclki? Xeyetv avayKaaO-qcrofjiat 
Trepi efiavrov. iretpacroptat fiev ovv a><? fierpccoTara 
tovto 7roie2v b tl 8 civ to irpayfia avTO avayKct^rj, 
tovtov tt)v aiTiav ovtos eaTC Bckcilos eyetv 6 tolov- 
tov aycova evcrTrjaafievo^. 

g) 01 fiat 8 Uyaa?, co ctv8pes AOrjvatot, ttclvtcls clv 

21 opLoXoyrjcrai koivov elvat tovtovI tov aycova efiot T6 
koI KTrjaicpcovTC kcli ov8ev eXarTovos a^tov airov8rj^ 
'juloi' ttcivtcov fiev yap aTrocTTe peter Oat Xvirrjpov Icttl 
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pov? /jLeTrjvey/ca Tas Tpir}pap%la<;' iravT ovv ra 
oeovra eyiyvero. Kai firjv Kau fear avro tovto 
20 cx^los ei,fu eivaivov Tvyeiv, otl iravra ra Toiavra 



-263. in] IIEPI TOT 2TE$AN0T. 39 

irpo7]povfjL7)v iroXirevpiaTa, acp cov apba 8o£ai tcai 
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t/jiov, ovSe TCLTrecvoVy ov&e ttjs TroXeco<; avafjiov. ravro 109 
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7€Vfu,aac kcli ev rot? e EXXtjviko'l^ (jyavijaofiai,' ovre 
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rocs EXXrjVLKols Ta QiXcttttov Scopa icai ttjv %evcav 
rfjairrjaa avTi tcov Koivrj ttclcti tc£? ' EXXtjctl avpi(j)e- 10 
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avrov tov irapavofjiov Xoyovs airohovvai fie Secv, 
elra, tcav pLijSev euros irepi tcov Xolttcov TroXiTev/jLa- 20 
tcov, 0/ulolcos Trap vpLcov eKao~Tcp to crvveioos virapyeiv 

pLOC. 

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ovre fia tovs ueovs Vfias ot/iat, pbavuavecv ovt avro<; 25 
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40 JHMOS&ENOTS [264. its 

Be'co Xeyeiv a>? ov/c ei/ju virevdvvos, b vvv ovtos 8ie- 
(3aXXe real Bioypt^ero, wad airavia iov j$lov virevOvvo? 
elvai OfioXoyw 03V rj BiaKe^ecpi/ca rj ireTroXtTev/jiai Trap 1 

112 vplv. 03V fjievroi ye etc Tr)<; iBia? ovata^ 67rayyei\d- 
5 fJLevos BeBco/ca tc2 B-q/mw, ovBepuav rjjiepav vrrevOvvos 

elvai (J)7}{jLt yatcovei? Aicr^ivrj ;j ovB aXXov ovBeva, 
ovB av rwv evvea ap^ovrcov Ti? 03V tv^tj. r/? yap 
earc vopio<i TOcravTrjs a8i/cia$ /cat, pbicrav6po37na$ 
fiearos co<jt£ iov Bovia 11 icov lBlcov kcli irocrjcravia 
10 nrpay/JLCL cj)iXav0po37rov Kat <f)i\o8copov irjs %apiTo<? 
fiev airocriepelv, et? tou? avKO(j>avia<; 8 ayeiv, icai 

TOl/TOU? eiTL T<2? ev6wa<$ 03V 60Q3K6V €(f)l<TTaVCH, / OvBe 

eh. eu Be (J3tjo-lv ovios, 8ei%aio3, tcayo3 aieptjoj nai 

113 o~i037rr]ao/jLai. aXX ovtc ecriiv, 03 avBpes AQr)vaioi, 

15 aXX 01)10$ (7VKO(J3aVTO)V, OIL 6Tri TCO 6e03pi,K(p 1016 

03V 67T6O03Ka la ^pr]fiaia, ' eirrjvecrev aviov, cprjatv, 
ii r) fiovXr) virevQvvov ovra. ov irepu iovio3V ye 
ovoevos, 03V v7T€vuuvo<: rjv, aXX ecp ot? eirebco/ca, 
03 avtco(J3avTa. aXXd kol lei^oiroio^ rjada, (prjcrl. 
20 Kat 8lcl ye iovio opOco? eTnqvovpbrjv, oil iavr)Xo3[ieva 
eireBooica kcii ovk eXoyi^6fir]v. 6 fiev yap Xoyio-pbs 
evOvvcov Kat icov e^eiaaovicov irpocrBeiiaL, r\ Be Bcoped 
yapno? Kat eiraivov Biicala earl ivyyaveiv Bioirep 

114 lavi eypayjrev 68c irepi epuov' oil 8 oviQ3 lavia ov 
25 flovov ev ioh vofioLs, aXXd real ev ioh vfjueiepots 

edeaov ooptcrrai^ eya3 pa8t,03s iroXXa^oOev Bet^co. 
irpwTOV fxev yap NavaLtcXr}*; arpaTrjycov, ecf) ot? airo 



-266.H6] IIEPI TOT ZTE&ANOT. 41 

tcoz> ihtcov Trpoelro, 7roXXcuci<; ecnefyavwrai v(p v/iwv 
effi ore ra? dcnriSas Aiotc/aos eSco/ce teal irakiv 
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7roXX(ov epyoov eiriaTinr]^ cov, ecp ot<; eireooofce, t€T£- 
firjTcu. cryerXiov yap av eurj rovro ye, ei tw tlvcl 5 
dp^rjv apyovTi r\ BiSovat 777 iroXei ra eavrov Bca rr]v 
apyr\v fir) e^ecnai, rj tcov Bodevreop avrt rov kojjll- 
aaaOav x a P iv ev ^ vva< ^ v<f)e^6t. Ore roivvv ravr 1M 
d\r)6r) Xeyo), Xeye ia ^^(poo-fiard jxol ra tovtols 
yeyevrjfieva avrd Xaficov. Xeye. 10 

*H<S>I2MA. 

['Apx^v ArjpoviKos $\vevs, (3or)$popi5)vo$ eKTy per elKaBa, 
yvdtpy fiovkrjs Kai brjpov, KaXXias Qpeappios eiirev on doKel 
rfj (3ov\fj kcu to> drjpco o~Te(pava>o~ai Naucri/cXe'a tov Itt\ tcov 
orfkiov, oti 'Adrjvaictiv onXtrcov dicr)(i\iG)V ovtcov lv"lp$pto kai 
(3orj6ovvTG)V rois KciTOLKOvatv 'AdrjvaictiV rrju vrjaov, ov bvvape- 
vov $>i\covo$ rov eVi Trjs dioiKrjcrecos KexeipoTovrjpevov $ia tovs 
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ovaias edaxe ku\ ovk etcreVpa^e tov br]pov, koX dvayopevaai 
tov crT€(pavov Aiovvcriois Tpaycodols Kaivols.^ 

ETEPON ¥H$I2MA. 

[EtVe KaXXia? Qpeappios, TrpvTavecov "Xeyovrcov (3ovkrjs 116 
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2aXa/xti/a, Kn\ Aiotijios 6 ln\ tcov Imrecov, ev Trj enl tov ttoto- 
pov pa^rj tcov CTTpaTicoTcov tlvcov vtto tcov TioKeplcov crKvKev- 
6svtcov, 4k tcov Ibicov dvaXcopdrcov KaOcoTrXicrav tovs veavio-Kovs 
aanlaiv oKTaKoaiaLS, dedo^dat rfj /3owX^ Ka\ too 8r}pa> crTe<pa- 



42 AHMOXSENOrZ [266. 117 

vaxrai Xapidrjpov Kai Aioripov xpvaco arecpdva, Kai dvayopevaai 
Havadrjvalois rots' peyakois ev t<w yvpviKco dycovi Kal Aiovvalois 
rpaywhols Katvols' rrjs Se dvayopevaecos e7npekrjdrjvai decrpode- 
ras, 7rpvTav€LS, dycavodeTas.'j 

117 Toutcov e/cao-ro?, Aio~yjLVY), Trjs puev apxfjs ^? VPX €V 
v7T€v0vuo<; r)v, ecfi ot? 8' ecnetyavovro, ovy vTrevdvvog. 
ovtcovv ovB eyw ravra ydp Sl/caid earl jjlol 7repl 
tcov avTwv rot? aXkois hi]irov. eirehcuKa* eiraivov- 

5 fiat Sea ravra^ ovtc cov <bv eirehooKa virevOvvos. 
VPX 0V ' Kal & e $ COKa 7 e ev6vva<; e/ceivcov, ov^ wi^ 67re- 
hwfca. vrj Ai , aW aBifccos rjp^a ; elra irapwv, ore 
fxe etaTJyov 01 \oyio~Tai, ov KarrjyopeLs ; 

118 Iva tolvvv €i8t}t€ on avros ovto<; [jloi. jxapTvpel 
10 e(f) ot? ov% virevOvvos f)v earefyavwaOaL, Xaftcov dvd- 

yvwOi to , drr)(f)Lcr/jLa b\ov to ypafyev p.01. o£? yap 
ovk eypayjraTO tov TrpofiovXevfjiaTos, tovtocs a hiooicei 
avKocfravTcov <$>avr\o~eTai. Xeye. 

¥H<£>I2MA. 

['Efl-t (ipx OVTO $ "EvOvkXcovs, 7Tvaveyp-icovos evdrrj dmovros, 
(pvhrjs npvravevovarjs Olvrjtdos, Krrju-Mpcov AecoaOevovs *Ava- 
(£>Xvo~tios ei7r(v,€7T€idr] Ar]poa-6evr)s Arjpoadevovs Uaiavievs yevo- 
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dripco. Kal eVi rov 6ea>piKov Karacrra6els enedcoKe tols £k irnaatv 
robv (pvKodv 6(u>po7s eKarov pvas els 6vcrtas,c)e86)(6ai rrj (3ov\f] Kal 
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vt'ea dperrjs eveica Kal Ka\oKaya6las i)S e^oov Si.ireXei ev navri 
Kaipco els rov drjpov rov 'Adrjvauov, Kal arrecpavaiaai XP V(J <? 



-267.120] IIEPI TOT ZTE&ANOT. 43 

(TTecpdvco, Kal dvayopevcrai tov arecpavov ev rw dearpco Aiovv- 
aiois rpaycpbols Kaii/ois ■ rrjs 5e dvayopevaecds empeXijOrjuaL 
tov dyaivoBeTTjv.J 

Ovkovv a fiev eTreSco/ca, ravr ecrriv^ wv ovBev av 119 
yey payjrcu' a Be <fir)o~iv r\ /3ou\r) Belv avTi tovtcov 
yeveaOav (jlol, tclvt ea9 a Bcv/ceis. to \a(3elv ovv 
la BtBofieva 6/jLoXoycov evvo\xov elvai, to yapiv T0V ~ 
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vrjpos dvQpoynos tcai Oeots e-%0pos kclv $ao~Kavo<$ 
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Kal fJL7]V irepl tov y ev tw QeaTpw K7)pvTTea0ai, 120 
to fjuev fivpLaKis fivptovs KeiciqpvyQai irapaXenrco Kau 
to TroWaKLS avTOS eaTe^avoocrOai irporepov. aXXa 10 
77730? Oewv ovtco cr/ea/,o? el tcai avaiaSrjTO^, Akt^lvt}, 
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eiraivovai tov o~Te(pavovfievov ■ Bioirep tov vofiov 
tovtov r) ttoXls yeypacfrev. Aeye o° avTOV (xol tov 
vo/jlov Xaftojv. 20 



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44 AHMOZGENOTZ [268. 121 

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ttXtjv lav rivas hr\ybO^ 7] r) /3ovXr) T]rr}(f)L0-7)Tai,* 

rovrovs &e avayopeverw. rt ovv, c5 TaXaiircope, 

GVKofyavrels ; ri Xoyovs irXarrec^ ; tl aavrov ovk 

eXXefiopt^eis errl rouTot? ; a\\ ov8 aia^vvet <f)6d- 

\v BIktjv eiadycov, ovk aSifai/uLaros ovSevos, Kal 

vofjiovs tol>? /xey pLerairocwv, rcov o acpacpcov fieprj, 

ovs oA.ou? hiKaiov r\v avaycyv(oaK6a6ai to*? ye o/ulg)- 

l^fiofcocrt Kara rovs vo/jlov$ -^rjjcpLelo-Oai, ; eTreira 

10 roiavra rrotwv Xeyets a Sel nrpoaeivcu rd) Srj/bLoriKQ), 

coairep dvSpidvra e/cSeSaj/ca)? Kara Gvyypa§r\v, elr 

ovk eyovra a irpoarficev ck rrjs avyypa^rj^ ko/m^o- 

/zei/09, Y) Xoycp TOf? SrjfAOTLKOVS, aXX ov rol? irpdy- 

fiaat Kal toIs rroXirevjiacn yiyvwo~KQ\ievov<$. Kat 

is /3oa? prjra Kat ap prjra ovo/xa^wv, coairep e£ afia^r)?, 

Ym a aoc Kat rep aco yevei rrpoaecrrtv^ ovk cjaoi,. Kairoi 

Kal rovro, o) avSpes AOrjvaloi. eyco XoiSoplav 

KaTY)yopla<$ rovrcp hiafyepeiv rjyov/iai, ra> rrjv fiev 

Karrjyopiav ahiKryxar e^eiv, (hv ev rot? vo/jlois euaiv 

20 at Tificopiai, ttjv Ss XotBoptav f3Xao-$>r)fALa$, a? Kara 

tj\v avrwv (pvatv ro2<? e^Opols rrepi aXXrjXcov crvjiftai- 

vei Xeyeiv. oiKoSo/nrjcrat Be rovs nrpoyovovs ravn 

■ ra %iKao~Tr\pia vrreiXrj^a ov% Iva avXXetjavres v/jlcls 

et? ravra arro rcov lolcov Katcw? ra arropprjra Xeyco- 

25 fxev dXXr]Xov<;, aXX Iva efe\ey^&>/zei>, edv ta? r}$tK7)- 

124 k.(m)<; ti Tvyyavr) ttjv ttoXlv. ravra roivvv eiScos 

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-269.127] IIEPI TOT XTEQANOT. 45 

Karijyopelv eiXero. ov fir\v ov8 evravQa eXarrov 
eywv Bifcatos ecrriv aireXOelv. 77877 8 em ravra 
rropevcrofiai, roaovr.ov avrov epeorrjeras. irorepov 
ere Tt?, Alct^lvt], tt}? rroXecos eydpov rj efibv eivat 
<py ; e/nov BrjXov ore. elra ov fiev tjv irap efiov BIktjv 5 
Kara tou? vofiov^ virep tovtcov Xai3e2v y ecirep tjSikovv, 
e£e/U7re?j ev Tat? evdvvaw, ev Tat? ypacfrals, iv Tat? 
aXXacs Kpiaeatv ov S' eyco fiev a0<pos arraai^ Tot? \M 
vofiois, to) ypovco, rrj irpodeafita^ rco K€Kpic6ai irepi 
iravrcov iroXXatas rrporepov, rco fi^eir coir ore e^eXey- 10 
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'Eirei8ri roivvv 1) fiev evae/3r)<; Kai 8iK.aia yfrfj<j)o<; 126 
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XocBopov ovra cpvaet, 81a ra? vtto tovtov ftXaacpr}- 
fila<$ elprjfie'va? dvri iroXXcov real tyev8cov avra ra- 
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ypafifiarevs, ovk. av avrov olfiai roiavr eirreiv ov8 25 
av ovrcos eirayOel^ Xoyovs iroplcracrOat, coairep ev 
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46 AHM026EN0TZ [270. 128 

roiavra, real itolXiv avveaiv Kat iraibeiav eiTiicaXov- 
fievov, fj ra koXcl kcli to, aiGy^pa hiayiyvwGKeTai" 

128 ravra yap hr]TTov0ev rjicover avrov XeyovTOs. goo 
he aperrjs, c5 KaOapfJua, tj rot? Goh rt? fierovata ; 7) 

5 KaXwv rj fir) tolovtcov Tt? hiayvcoGis ; iro0ev 7] 7ra>? 
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tcov fiev &>? aXrficos t€tv^7]kotcov ovh av eh ei-noi 
irepu avrov tolovtov ovhev, aXXa kclv erepov Xeyov- 
to<$ epvOpiaaete, rot? h aTroXeapdelai p,ev coairep 
10 gv, irpoaTTOLovfjuevois a vir avacaurjcrias to tov? 
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toiovtols eivac irepteaTtv. 

129 OvfC CLTTOpWV h 6 TL %pr] TT€p\ GOV KCLI TCOV GCOV €t- 

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15 gov Tpo/j,r)<; ehovXeve Trap EXiria, tco irpo? tco @r}Gelco 

StBaa/covTi ypa/xfiaTa, %pipifca<; Tra^eta? e^cov real tjv- 

X0Vj 7] 6J9 7] fjL7]T7)p GOV Tol<? fA€07}fl6plVOtS ya/ULOL? €V TW 

icXeiGLCdTcpTTpos T(p fcaXafjLiTT] Tjpcoi yjiwyuevT) tov icaXov 
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20 aXXa iravTes LGaGi Tavra, xav eyco \xt] Xeyco. aXX 
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hovXos, aveGTTjGev avri}v airb TavTTjS ttjs KaXrjs ep~ 
yaGta? ; aXXa vt) tov Ala koll tov? 0eov? o/evco fir) 
nrepi gov Ta 7rpoGi]/covTa Xeycov avTOs ov TTpoGr\- 
lalO KOVTas epavTco ho^co 7rpoj]prJG0aL Xoyovs. TavTa 

26 puev ovv eaGco, air avTcov be wv afTO? pepico/cev 
ap^oiiai' ovoe yap oyv erv^ev rjv, aXX oh 6 Brj/jLQS 



-27i.i33] UEPI TOT 2TE$AN0T. 47 

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eaaco' a B virep tcov e^Opcov <f>avepa)<; aireBeLyQrj 
Trpdrictiv, ravra avafJLvr\aco. 15 

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fjtevov ev TIetpatet Kat KaTacrT7]cravT0<? et? tt)v ckkXtj- 
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48 AHMOZGENOTZ [272. m 

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-2 9 i. i88] IIEPI TOT ZTEQANOT. 67 

be ndvToav npbs Qrjftaiovs bid to eyyvraTco elvai tov QiXitt- 185 
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rots 6eol<$ eyovaa ydptv, eu kolvov Ktvhvvov rot? 
"EXXrj&i Trepiaravros avrrj harXaaia twv aXXwv 
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vvv Xeyecs ota ey^pr\v irpaTTeuv, aXX ov tot o)v ev 
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yap avTcovov/juevos /cat Tayv tovs Trap ttj/jlcdv aire- 10 
Xavvofievovs TrpoaBe^dfJLevo? teat y^p^puaTa irpoaOr]- 
acov virr]pyev hroifAos. 

'AXX? el vvv eirc tols ireir pay /nevoid icaTrjyopia^ 240 
eyco, tc av oieaOe, ei tot efiov irepi tovtcov atcpi/3o- 
Xoyov/jievov, aTrrjXOov ai itoXeis teal irpoaeOevTO 15 
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aae/3e2<; avOpcoTrovs TOVTOvai; ov% &)<? e%e8d0?)aav ; 
ov% &>? air7]Xd6i)aav /3ovXo/ubevoc [led rjfjicov etvat ; 241 
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pov 6 av/cocf)avTr)<; ael /cal iravTaypQev (Bdaicavov 



86 AHMOSOENOTZ [308. 243 

kcli fyCkaniov tovto Be kcli cj)v<T€L KivaBo^ rdvOpw- 
ttlov earLV, ovBev ef ap^rj^ vyces TreiroirjKOS ovB^ 
eXevOepov, avioTpayi/co^ 7ri6r)ico$, apovpalos Olvo- 
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5 ovrjcriv r\K.ei ry TraTplBt ; vvv rjplv Xeyeis irepl tcov 
%{% 7rapeXr)Xv Oorcov ; uxTirep av eo tj? larpos aaOevovcrt 
/nev rot? KapLVOvaiv eicriwv fir) Xeyoi firjBe Bei/cvvoo 
Bl oiv a7ro(pev^ovrai tt\v voaov, eireiBr) Be TeXevTr\- 
creie rt? avTcov /cat tcl vofic^ofiev avraj (frepoLTO, d/co- 

io\ov6(OV €7TC TO {AVrj/JLCL Bie^LOL " €1 TO KOI to eTroirjaev 

avOpcoiros ovroac, ov/c av aireQavev. e/jbfipovTTjTe, 

euTa vvv Xeyets ; 
244 Ov tolvvv ovBe ttjv rjTTav, eu TavTrj yavpias e(j> 

fj aTevetv ae, co /caTapaTe, irpoarj/cev, ev ovBevl twv 
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wapa ^cXlttitov nrpea/Bewv, ovtc etc QeTTaXias, ov/c 

el; Afjuftpaicias, ov/c ef IXXvpicov^ ov irapci tcov @pa- 
20 kcov /3ao-iXe(ov, ov/c etc Bv^avTtov, ov/c ctXXodev ovBa- 

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25 Ktav o-/cco7TT0)v KOi TTjS ^lXlttttov Bwafiews a^icov 

eva ovTa /cpeiTTco yeveaOau ; /cal Tama tols Xoyois ; 

tIvos yap aXXov icvpios rjv eyco ; ov yap tt}? ye 



- 3 o 9 . 248] IIEPI TOT ZTEQANOT. 87 - 

e/cdcrrov ^rv^rj^, ovoe ttJ? tv)(7}<; rcov nrapard^aixe- 
vcov, ovSe t?7? crrpar^yia^, 979 e/a airaurel^ evdvvas- 
ovrco a/caws el. aXXa [ir\v cbv y av 6 prfccop virevOv- 246 
vos eii], iracrav e^eraatv Xap,{3av€' ov rrapairovfxai. 
rlva ovv eari ravra ; iheiv ra rrpaypuara apyd/xeva 5 
icai irpoaiaOeaOat teat, irpoearelv Tot? aXXois. ravra 
ireirpaKrau fioi. icai en t«? eicacrrayov ^pa^vrrjra^, 
okvovs, ayvocas, cpcXoveifciaq, a rroXirnca rals iroXecrc 
irpodeartv drr derail icai avayicala dfiaprrifiara, ravQ* 
&>? €£? eXayj^crra cvcrreLXai, icai rovvavriov els 6/jlo- 10 
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rrporpe^rai. teal ravra /u,oi rrdvra irerrolrirai, icai 
ovSe!? (jlt)7to0 evpr) ro icar ejie ovhev eXXei<f>6ev. 
ei roivvv ris epoiro ovrivovv rlai ra rrXelcrra 4>iXirr- 247 
7ro? cbv Karerrpa^e Bicp/crjcraro, rrdvres av etrroiev rco 15 
arparorrehep icai rco SiSovai icai hiatyOeipeiv rovs erri 
rcov irpay\xdrcov. ovkovv rcov fiev hvvafiecov ovre kv- 
pLos ov6 rjyeficov f]v eyco, coare ovh 6 Xoyos rcov Kara 
ravra rrpayOevrcov 7rpo? e/xe. icai yJt]v rco Biacf>6aprj- 
vai xprj/iacnv rj /uur) /cefcparrj/ca ^iXiirrrov • coawep yap 20 
6 covov/jL€vo<; v€vlfC7]K€ rov Xaf3ovra, lav rrpirjrai^ ovrcos 
6 fir) Xaficov /ji7]oe SiacpOapeis vevncrjice rov covovfievov. 
coare arjrrrjros ?] 7roXi<; ro Kar efxe. 

1 A fiev roivvv eyco Trapeayopirjv €t? to Biicaicos 248 
roiavra ypacpecv rovrovl rrepX e/xov, 7rpo? rroXXols 25 
erepots ravra icai 7rapa7rXr]aia rovrois ecrriv a 6° 
ol iravres Vfieis, ravr rjSrj Xe^co. fiera yap rr]V 



88 AHMOS&ENOTS [310. 249 

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eirparrov eyco, ev avrol? tols Beivols Kau (bofSepols 
e/jL/3e/3r)KCQ<;, tjvck ouB ayvcofiovrjaac tl Oau/xaoTov 
r\v tous 7roXXou$ irpos epue, irpoiTOV puev rrepu awrr)- 
5 pta? T97? 7roXea)? ras e/xds yvd)Lia<; e^eiporoveL, kcli 
nrdvO' oaa tt}? (f)v\a/cfjs kveica eirpcnreTO, tj Bidra^is 
twv (j>v\dfccov, al racfypoL, ra et? ra rec^i] ^p-^fxara, 
Bed tcdv epicov yjrr](pLa jxai cov eyiyvero ' eireid aipou- 

/ 3 / 3 V 5 / f <v „ 

fievos atrcovrjv €K iravrcov epue e^etpoTovrjaev orj/xos. 
249 /oh fierd ravra auaravrcov ols rjv e7Ti/jbe\e<; /ccl/ccos 

11 e'yue iroielv^ kcli ypatyas^ evOvvas, ecaayyeXias, iravra 
ravr eirayovTcov /jlol, ov Bo eaurcov to ye irpcorov, 
aXXa Bt, oiv LiaXiaO uireXa/j,(3avov ayvor\aeaQai 
(bare yap Bi^ttou Kai fie'/juvrjade oti tovs Trpcorovs %po- 

15 vov<$ Kara ttjv rjfiepav eKaarijv €Kpivop,r)v eyco, Kai 
out drrovoia XcoaiKXeous oure auKOCpavria $i\ok pa- 
rous oure AitovSou koI MeXavrou fiavla our aXX* 
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toutois iraai /laXiara puev Sea tou? Oeovs, Beurepov 

20 Be Bi ufjuas Kai tou<z aXXous AOrjvaious eaco^o/bbrjv. 

BiKaicos' touto yap Kai aXrjOes ecrrc koi uirep tcdv 

o/jlcollokotcov Kai yvovTcov ra euopKa oiKaaTcov. 

250 oukouv ev fiev ols eiarjyyeXXo/jbijv, or aireyjrr]cf>i£ea0e 

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25 fiereBiBoTe, tot ey^rr](j)i^ea6e ra apiara fie irpaTTeiv 
ev oh Be Ta? ypacf>a<; aire^euyov, evvo/xa kol ypdfyeiv 
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-311.252] IIEPI TOT STEQANOT. 89 

eTrearnjLdLveaOe, BiKaicos kcll aBtopoBoK7)Tco<$ ttuvtcl 
Treirpa^Oai /xoc TrpoacopioXoyeiTe. tovtcdv ovv ov- 
rct)? e^ovrcov tl irpoarjhcev r] tl hitcatov rjv Tot? vit 
epiov TreTrpay/jievois 6eadai tov KTrjcncfccovTa ovo/ia, 
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k6tcls SiKacjTa*;, ov% b ttjv akrjdeiav irapa ttclctl 
(Sefiaiovaav ; 

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B e^eXey^dei^ dBiKcov ev ey/cXrj/xaTi ytyvoiT av Bid 
tovto Bitcaicos ; kclltol Trpds ye tovtov, dvBpes A07]- 
vaioi, Kai to tov Ke<f)aXov koXov enreuv eoTi fioi. 
ovBepuav yap ttlqttot eypa^raTo pue ovB eBico^e 
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tov KecpaXov ys'iptov ttoXitt)^. 

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avvyv avTOV Kai Ti]v fiaaKaviav, ov% rj/ciaTa B acf) 
cbv Trepl tt]<; Tv%r)$ BteXe^Or]. eyw B oXcos fikv, 
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tov rjyovfiair rjv yap 6 fieXTiaTa TTpaTTeiv vopbt^cov 
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pie^pi T V^ 6c77rej0a?, 7ra»? %pr) irepi TavTrjs Xeyeiv 77 
7rw? oveiBi^eiv eTepco ; eTreiBr] B ovro<; Trpos ttoXXols 
aXXots Kai irept tovtcdv vireprifyavcos ^prJTai tco 25 
Xoycp, aice-^rao-O , co dvBpe? Adrjvaioi, /cat Oecoprj- 
<ja,T6 baco teal aXrjOeaTepov Kai dvdpcoTTivcoTepov eyco 



90 AHMOXOENOTZ [312. 253 

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/juev tt}s iroXecos tv^tjv ayaOrjv rjyovpai, Kai tclvO* 
opco teat, top Aia tov AcoBcovaiov rj[jlv fiavievofjuevov, 
T7]V fievroi tcov iravrcov av6 pcQTTcov, 7] vvv eire-yei, 
s^aXeTrrjv Ka\ Seivrjv Tt? yap 'EWtjvcov rj 7/9 /3ap- 
fiapcov ov ttoXXcov Katcwv ev tw irapovTi TreirelpaTai ; 

254x0 pev toivvv irpoeXeaOai ra KoXXicTTa /col to tcov 

oirjOevTcov ' EXXtjvcov, ei irpooivTo rj/jLas, ev evhaipovla 

Bidgeiv, tovtcov avTcov apieivov irpdiTeiv 7779 ayaOrj? 

10 tv^5 T77? iroXetos elvai Tidrjpi' to Be rrpoafcpov- 

crai Kai pur] iravO &>? eftouXopeO rjpiv crvpij3r)vai 

T?7? TCOV CtXXcOV avOpCOTTCOV Tf^? TO €Trij3aXXov €(j> 

255 rjpas pbepos peTeiXrjcpevai vopl^co ttjv ttoXiv. ttjv B 
iBiav tv^t]v ttjv epirjv Kai tt\v evos r\pcov eicacrTOv ev 

15 Tot? iBiois egeTa^eiv BiKaiov elvai vopi^co. eyco piev 
ovv ovTcoal wept TJ79 tu^? agico, opOcos /cat, BiKaico<;, 
oj>? epavTco Bokco, vopl^co Be Kai upiv 6 Be ttjv iBiav 
Tvyr\v tt}v epirjv T779 koivtjs t^? TroXecos KvpicoTepav 
elval (prjcri, ttjv pt/cpav Kai cpavXrjv T979 ayaOrjs Kai 

20 peyaXiqs. Kai 7r«9 evi tovto yeveaOai ; 

256 Kai prjv el ye ttjv epir)v tv^tjv TravTCOS etjerac^eiv, 
Ala^lvrj^ irpoaipe'i, 77-009 ttjv aeavTOv aKorrec, kclv 
evpr)s ttjv €p7]v {BeXTico t^9 0-179, iravaai XoiBopovpe- 
vos airy. GKO-wei toivvv evdvs eg ao%^9. Kai piou 

25 7rpo9 Alo^ pirjBepLiav yjrvxpoTrjTa KaTayvcp pLTjBe'is. 
eyco ydp ovr el Tt9 irevlav TrpoirijXaKi^ei, vovv eyeiv 
rjyovpiai, ovr ei tis ev acpdovois Tpacpeis eTTi tovtco 



-3i3. 2 59 ] IIEPI TOT ZTE&ANOT. 91 

aepLvvveraL' aXh! vtto rrjs tovtovl tov ^aXeirov 
fiXaafoifita? real av/co(f>avTLa<; et? tocovtovs Xoyovs 
efjLTriTTTeiv avaytca^o/jLat, ot? etc rcov evovTwv ft>? av 
Bvvwfxai /jLeTpicorara ^p^aofiai. 

'E/uol fj,ev tolvvv v7rrjp^6v, Aiaylvr), iratBl jjuev%l 
bvri <f>OLrav et? tcl it pocTTjKOvi a BiBaatcaXeua, icai 6 
eyeiv baa %pr] tov p,7]Bev ata^pov Troirjaovra Bi. 
evBetav, e^eXOovTi Be etc ttcllBcdv a/coXov0a tovtols 
Trparreiv, ^oprjyelv, Tpir)papyeiv, eiafyepeiv, pnqBe- 
/ua? ^iXori/jbla^ jjur]Te iBta? firjre Brj/uboaias airoXet- ,io 
ireadai, aXXa feat ttj iroXeu icai tol$ (fiiXois ^pr]aL- 
fiov elvcu, €TT€LBr) Be irpos ra /coiva irpoaeXOelv eBo^e 
fioc 7 rotavra iroXcrevfiara eXeaOai ware /cab vtto ttJ? 
TTarptBo^ teat vtt aXXcov EXXr)va>v iroXXcov iroXXa- 
ki$ eare^avwaOat, kcu /uLr)Be tovs e^Opovs vfias, ft)? is 
ov fcaXa y f)v a TrpoecXo/jbrjv, eTTb^eipelv Xeyeiv. 
eyco fxev Brj roiavrr) avfi^e^bWKa tv^jj^ icai ttoXX* 258 
av eywv krep eiirelv irepl avrrjs irapaXebirw, (jyvXar- 
TOfievos to Xvirrjaab Tiva ev of? ae/nvvvofiab. av 6° 
o ae/JLvos avrjp icai Btawrvcov tou? aXXovs aKoireb 20 
7rpo? ravTTjv iroia rivi /ce^prjaab tvxVi ^ V v 7ra ^§ 
fjuev cov fJLGTa iroXXrjs evBeias erpa^rj^ a/ua tw irarpt 
7r,pos rat BiBaafcaXeirp irpoaeBpevcov, to fieXav rpl- 
(3a)V teat ra fiaQpa airoyyt^wv fcac to nratBaycoyelov 
KOpwv, otfcerov rd^cv, ovk eXevOepov iraiBos e^cov, 25 
avr)p Be yevo/uevos rrj firjrpl reXovar) t<x? /3//3X,ou? 259 
avey by v coaxes fcal raXXa avvea/cevcopov, rrjv [lev 



92 AHMOZGENOTZ [314. 260 

vvtcTa ve/3pc^cDV Kat KpaT7)pi%oov fcac KaOaupwv toi"? 
reXovfievov^ Kai aTrofjuarrcou ra> ttjjXco Kat toZ? irtrv- 
pocs kcll avtara^ airo rov KaOapfiov KeXevcov Xeyetv 
^'ecpuyov kclkov, evpov aptetvov, eiri to) firjoeva 7ra)- 
s Trore ttjXlkovt oXoXv^at oefxvvvofxevos (teal eycoye 
vofjil^o) • iir) yap oteaO avrov <fideyyeo~0at ptev ovrco 

260 pteya, oXoXv^etv B ov% virepXafATTpov\ ev Be rat? 
ijliepais rof? /caXovs Otaaovs aywv Bta ru>v oBcdv, 
tous earecfravGopevovs rep ptapaOw Kat rrj XevKTj, tou? 

10 6<pei<; TOf? irapetas 0Xtj3coi/ Kai virep rrjs Ke<paXr}<; atco- 
pcDV) Kat fiocov evot aafiol, /cat, eTTop-^ovptevo^ ur}$ arrr}<$ 
arrr)<$ urjs, etjap-^os Kat TTporjyeptcov Kat Kiarocfiopos Kai 
XcKi>o(j)opo<i Kat rotaura viro rwv ypaBtusv irpoaayopevo- 
ptev o?, pttaOov Xapt(3av(Dv rovrcov evOpvirra /cat arpeTT- 

15 rov<? Kat verfKara, e<p oh T£? ovk av w? aXr)0co<; avrov 

261 evBaiptoviaeie Kai rrjv avrov rv^rjv ; eTreiBrj B' el? 
tou? Brj/btoras eveypdcfirjs OTrcoaBrirrore eco yap rovro 
ye, eTreiSr) B ovv eveypafyr)?, evOeo)<; ro KaXXtarov 
e^eXe^co rcov epycov, ypafi/narevetv Kat vTrrjperetv 

20 rots ap^iBiOis. «? B a7rr)XXayr)s Trore /cat rovrov, 

nravO a rcou aXXcov Kar7]yope2<i avros Troir)o~a^ t ov 

Karrjcy^yva^ pta At ovBev rwv tt pcvirripy puevwv roj 

2f)2 per a ravra f3tqy, aXXa pLtaOcoaas aavrov Tot? (Bapv- 

crrovois eiriKaXovixevoi^ e/cecvois vrroKptrai^^ XtptvXxp 

25 Kat ^ooKparei, erptraycoviorret*;, avrca Kai fiorpvs Kai 
eA.aa? avXXeycov oio'irep OTrcopc^vr)^ ck rcov aXXorptcov 
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-315- 266] IIEPI TOT ZTEQANOT. 93 

aycovcov^ovs vfiels Trepi T17? "^rvyrj^ r)ycovL^eG6e ' r)vyap 
clgttovBos /ecu aK.r\pvK,Tos vplv 77^00? tovs decnas iro- 
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cov vcp diravTcov co^rai,. /calroi ogtls ^lXlcov ttoXi.tcov 264 
airodavovTcov edappr)Ge, tl ovtos iradelv vrro tcov \cov- 
tcov huicaios eGTcv ; iroXXa tolvvv erep eiitelv eycov 
Trepi avrov irapaXeiy^rco ■ ov yap og' av Bel^aifit, vrpoG- 15 
ovt atG^pa tovtco feat oveiorj,iTavT oifiai oeuv ev^epcos 
Xeyeiv, aXX oGa fir)8ev aiG^pov cgtlv eiTrelv efioi. 

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eyco 8 ' virep ttJ? iraTpLBos. eco TaXXa, aXXa vvvt 266 
Trjfiepov eyco fiev virep tov GTecpavcoOrjvac 8o/ci/id£o- 



94 AHMOXQENOTZ [316. 267 

fiat, to Be fiyS* otiovv aBoKelv avcofioXoyrj/uLai, aol 
Be crvKOcpdvTr) fiev elvac BoKelv VTrapyei, KtvBvveveis 
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firj fieTaXafiovTa to fiepos tcov -^rr)$(ov. dyady y\ 
5 ov% 6pa<i ; Ti>Xy crvfifiefticoKcos T17? e/^J? <w? (f>avX7)s 
KaTTjyopels. 

267 $epe Brj kol ra? tcov XeiTOvpyicov p,apTvpias, cou 
XeXeiTovpyrj/ca, vfilv dvayvco. Trap a? irapavayvcoSc 
teal civ fioi tcls pfret? a? eXvfiaivov, 

10 fjKco vacpatv KevOfxonva Kal ctkotov nvXas 

teal 

KaKayye\e7v fiev 'IotBl fir] deXovrd fxe, 

teat naKov KaKcos ere fiaXiGTa fiev ol deol, eireiTa 
ovtoi iravTes airoXeaeiav^TTOvripov bvTa teal ttoXlttjv 
Kal TpiTaytovioTJ\v. 
15 Aeye Ta? fiapTVpias. 

MAPTYPIAI. 

268 Ev fiev tolvvv rot? irpos tqv ttoXlv tolovtov ev Be 
rot? lolois eu fit] Travres bare on kolvos Kai cpiXavupco- 
7T09 feat tols Beo/xevoc; errapiccov, atcoTrco kul ovBev av 
eiTToifAL ovoe irapaayotfiriv irepo tovtcov ovoeyuiav fiap- 

20 Tvptav, ovt eu Tivas etc tcov iroXefjacov eXvaafirjv, out 
el tlctl OvyaTepas <Tvve%eSco?ca, ovre tcov tolovtcov 

269 ovBe'v. Kal yap ovtco ircos VTreiXijcfia. eyat vo/jll^co 
tov fiev eu iraOovTa Belv fiefivrjaOac iravTa tov XP°~ 



- 3 i7. 273] nEPI TOT ZTEQANOT. 95 

vov, rov Be iroir\(iavia evOvs eTriXeXrjadac, ev Bel tov 
[lev yprjGTOu, tov Be fir) fiLKpoyjrv^ov Troieiv epyov 
dvOpcoirov. to Be ra? lBlck; evepyeaias VTTOjJUfJLvri- 
(TKeiv icai Xeyecv ixucpov Belv o/xolov ecm rco oveiBi- 
£eiv. ov Br] 7tolt]<tco tolovtov ovBev, ovBe irpoaydr]- 5 
cropLai, d.XX i 07ra)? iroO vireiXrjpL/jLai, irept tovtcov, 
aptcel fioL. 

BovXo/nat Be rcov cBlcov airaXXayeus en fiiKpd^ld 
7TjOO? v/ias elirelv irept rcov koivwv. ei pcev yap 
e^et?, Aicryj,v7), tcdv vtto tovtov tov rfkiov eurrelv 10 
avOpcoircov ocrTt? aOcZos rrjs QiXiinrov irpoTepov teat, 
vvv Trjs AXe^avBpov Bwacrreias yeyovev, r) tcdv 
'EXXtjvcov 77 rcov fiapftapcov, e<JTa), avyywpw gov 

TTYV €/jL7]V 66T6 TVyTjV 66T6 OVCTTVyjbaV OVO/LLu£€LV fJOV~ 

Xec iravTcov aniav yeyevrjaOac. ei Be icai tcov 271 
fjbrjBeircoiTOT lBovtcov e/ne /xrjBe cfioovTJv afcrjfcooTcov 16 
6/jlov ttoXXol iroXXa rcac Beiva ireuovQaoi, /jltj (jlovov 
tear dvBpa, aXXa fcai TroXets oXac kcli edvrj, irdaco 
Bifcaidrepov teal aXr)6 'ecrT epov tj]V diravTCdv, gl>? eoiicev, 
avupcoircov Tvyj)v kolvijv kcu cpopav tlvcl Trpaypbarcov 20 
^aXeir-qv kcu ov% oiav eBei tovtcov aurcav rjyelcrOaL. 
av rotvvv tclvt acpels e/xe tov rrapa tovtolol ireiro- Til 
XcTev/xevov atria^ icai tclvt etSa)? on, icai ei fir) to 
oXov, fjiepos y eirtftaXXeb T779 {3Xao~cf>r)ijLia<; airaa-i^ 

\ / / 3 \ \ 3 \ 33 \ 

Kai fiaXicrra croc. et puev yap eyco /car epuavTov 25 
avTOKparcop cov irepi tcov Trpay/uaTcov ef3ovXevo/j,r)v, 
r\v av rot? aXXots pryropaiv vpXv e/xe aiTiCLuQai' et¥l% 



96 AHMOX&ENOTX [318. 274 

he iraprjre aev ev reus ercfcXrjaiaLS diraaat^, del S' 
ev kolvoj to au/jL<pepov rj ttoXis irpovridei GKimelv 
ttolul he ravr e$o/cet, tot dpiar eivai, kcll /uaXcara 
001 (ol» yap eir evvoia y e/juol irape-^dopei^ eXTrlhccv 

5 K.CLI ty]\0V KCLL TLfJLWV, CL TTUVTa TTpOCFrjlS TOi? T0T6 

TrpaTTopbevoLS vtt epiov, aXXa T77? aXr)6eia<; r/TTw/ie- 
vos htjXovoTt Kai rep purjhev e^ecv eiireiv j3e\rt,ov), 
7ra»? ovk aSuceis Kat, heLva iroieis tovtol? vvv eyrca- 

274 Xcov a>y tot ovk ei^es XeyeLv fteXTico ; irapd filv 
10 tolvvv tols aXXoi? eycoy opw iraaiv avdpodirot? hico- 

pio-fjbeva /cat, TeTayfieva it cos ra toiclvtcl. dhacel tls 
etccov, opyrjv kcu Tificopiav kclto, tovtov. egrjfiapTe 

Ti? CLKCOV, 0-VyyvCO/UL7]V aVTL TTjS TLfJLCOpLCLS TOVTCp. 

ovt uBlkcov Tis ovt e^ajjbapTavwv, et? tcl nrdai 

15 Sokovvtcl avpudpepeLv eavTOv hovs ov KarcopOcoae fied' 

dirdvTwv; ovk. oveihi^eiv ovhe XoihopelaOai Tea tol- 

275 ovtco hUaLOV, aXXa crvvdyQeaOaL. (pavijcreTaL TavTa 
TravTa ovtco? ov fjiovov ev tol? vopupiOLS, aXXa Kat 1) 
cpvaL? avTT) tol? aypacpOL? vopuoL? Kai rot? avQpcoiTL- 

20 vols eOeau hiwpiKev. Alo-^lvt}? tolvvv toctovtov 
v7rep(3e(3\r)Kev diravTa? avdpcoirov? co/jlottjtl /cat 
avKO(f>avTLa coo~Te Kat cov avTos cos aTV^q/xaTCOV 
epLe/jLvrjTo, Ka\ TavT e/xov KaTrjyopei. 

276 Kai irpos tols clXXols^ cocrirep avTOs dirXcos Kat 
25 fi€T evvola? irdvTas eLprjKcos tovs Xoyovs, cj>vXaTT€LV 

epie Kat Trjpeiv eKeXevev, ottcos /itj irapaKpovaofxai 
pr)h egcnraTriaco, hetvov Kai yorjTa Kai aocptaTrjV 



- 3 i8.2 7 8] IIEPI TOT XTEQANOT. 97 

teal rd roiavr ovo/jLcl^cov, ft>? edv rrporepo^ tls eurrr) 

TCL TTpOGOvd' iavrcp 776/36 aXXoV, KCLl 0T\ Tdvd 0VTCOS 

eyovra, kcli ov/cerc tol»? aKovovras aKe^jro/xevov^ TiS 
itot avros eariv 6 ravra Xe'ycov. eyco B oiB on 
yiyvcoaicere rovrov cnravres, icai rroXv rovrco fxaXXov s 
?] ejJLoi vofil^ere ravra rrpoaelvat. kuk6lvo ev otS'277 
ore rr)v 6/jltjv Becvorrjra — ear on yap. Katroi eycoy 
opco T^? rcov Xeyovrcov owa/ieco? rov? aKOvovras ro 
rrXelarov Kvpcovs' w? yap dv vfu,els airoBe^aOe /cat 
7TjOO? exaarov e-^rjr evvoias, ovrcos o Xeycov eoo^e io 
cjypovelv. el o° ovv earc real rrap efioc ris epbireipia 
roiavrrj, ravrrjv fjuev evprjaere rvdvre^ ev rol<; koivoIs 
e^era^ofMevrjv vrrep vfjbcov aec /cat ovBafiov Kau vfjucov 
ov$ iBla, rrjv Be rovrov rovvavrtov ov fiovov rco Xeyetv 
vrrep rcov e^Opcov, aXXa teal et it? eXvTrrjae n rod- 15 
rov r) irpoaetcpovae rrov, Kara rovrcov. ov yap 
avry BiKalcos, ovB e</> a av/xepepec r-r) iroXei, y^pr\rai. 
ovre yap rr)v opyrjv ovre rrjv eyQpav ovr aXXo 278 
ovBev rcov roiovrcov rov KaXov KclyaOov rroXirrjv Bel 
rovs vrrep rcov kolvcov etaeXrjXvdoraQ Bi/caaras 20 
a^tovv avrcp (3e(3aiovv, ovB vrrep rovrcov et? v/nas 
eiacevai, aXXa /aaXtara \xev firj eyeiv ravr ev rrj 
<pvaet^ ei o ap avayKr), rrpacos xac fxerpico^ otafcei- 
fiev e%eiv. ev riacv ovv acpoBpov elvau rov ttoXl- 
revojjLevov Kac rov prjropa Bel ; ev ot? rcov oXcov re 25 
KivBvveverai rr) rroXec, /cal ev oh 777309 rov? evav- 
tlovs earl rco 8r]ficp. ev rovrov • ravra yap yevvaiov 

5 G 



98 AHMOZGENOTZ [319. 279 

279 Am ayaOov ttoXltov. fJur]hevo? he. ahLK7]fJbaTo? iroi- 
7TOT6 BrjfjLoaiov, irpoaO^aa) he firjh lBlov, hc/crjv 
a^iwaavra \aj3elv trap epuov firjO virep ttj? TroXeco? 
firjd virep clvtov, cnecfxivov kcli eiratvov Karrjryopcav 

5 rjiceiv <TVV€aK€va<jfjb£vQV : kcu roaovrovat Xoyov? dvi)- 
XcoKevaL iSias eyQpa? kcli <f)66vov kcll /jLLKpoyjrv^la? 
earl arjfjLelov, ovhevo? ^prjarov. to he hrj kcll 
tov? irpo? e/jue aurou aywva? edaavra vvv eiri 

280 Tovh rj/ceiv kcli iraaav e^ei kclklclv. /cat /ulol horcel? 
10 Ik tovtcov, Aio-yLvj), Xoywv eirihei^Lv TLva kcll <jxo- 

vao-KLas {3ovX6jjLevo$ iroL^aaaOaL tovtov irpoeXeaOaL 
rbv dycova, ovk ahLKTjfjLaTO? ovhevo? Xaftelv TLfioyplav. 
earl 8 ov% 6 Xoyo? rov prjTopo?, Alo"%lv7), tl/jllov, 
ovh tovo? ttj? (pcovrj?, aXXa to tclvtci irpoaLpel- 

15 oSai TOL? TToXXol? KOL TO TOV? CLVTOV? flLCrelv KCLL 

281 <f>L\elv ovanrep av 77 TraTpi?. o yap ovtco? e^cov ttjv 

Y<VJ(7]V, OVTO? €7T eWOLCL 7TCLVT ep€L' O O CMp COV 7] 
7ToXl? TTpOOpCLTCLL TLVCL KLvhwOV eCLVTT), TOVTOV? Oepa- 

Trevcov ovk errrl ttj? avTrj? oppuel toI? ttoXXoI?, ovkovv 

20 ovhe ttj? aa^aXela? ttjv clvtt}V e%€L irpoahoKLav. 

aXX ? 6 pa? ; eyw • TavTa yap avfityepovO eLXofnjv 

tovtolgl, KaL ovhev e^aLpeTov ovh lBlov TreiroLrjfiat. 

282 ap ovv ovhe av ; Kac 7rco? ; b? evOeco? fMeTa tj]v 
fjLa^rjV ir peer (SevTT)? erropevov irpo? ^lXlttttov, b? r]v 

25 tcov ev eKelvoL? tol? -^povoL? avfjbfyopwv aLTLo? tt) 
TraTplBL, kcll TavT apvovfievo? irdvTa top efjuirpoaOe 
y^povov TavTrjv rriv y^peiav^ a>? irdvTe? LaacrLV. fcaL- 



-320. 285] UEPI TOT XTE&AN0T. 99 

tol t/? o rr)v ttoXlv e^airarwv ; ov% 6 fir) Xeycov a 
(ppovel ; tco 8 o Krjpvi; Karaparat hacauos ; ov rat 
TOLovrcp ; ti 8e fiel^ov e%oc Tt? av eirrelv aBucrffia 
tear avBpos piqropos rj ei fir) ravra <f>povel teal Xeyet ; 
o~v roivvv ovros evpe'Orjs. elra crv <f>6eyyei teal /3\e- 281 
nreiv et? ra rovrcovo irpocrwira roXfias ; irorep ovy 6 
r)j€t yiyvwaKetv avrow; 6<JTt? ei ; r) roaovrov vttvqv 
Kai, XrjOrjv amavras e^etv coo~r ov fiefivr)o~6ai rovs 
Xoyovs obs eBrj/LLTjyopeis ev ra> TroXefio), Karapwfievos 
teal hiofivvfievos firjBev eivai aol kcll QiXuirircd irpay- io 
pa, aXX efie rr)v air Lav aoi ravrrjv eirdyeLV tt)? 
tSia? 6V6K e^#pa?, ovk ovorav aXrjdr). &>? S' airryy- 284 
yeXOrj rayjLQ-Q r) fia^rj, ovBev tovtcov (jypovrlo-as 
ev6ea)<; (OfioXoyets Kat irpocreiroiov (piXlav, teal %evtav 
elvat croi 7rpo? avrov, rrj fiLa-Qapvta ravra fieraride- 15 
fjievos ra ovofiara • eic 7rom? yap Lcrrjs r) oiicaia<$ 
nrpofydaecos A\ayivr) ra> TXavtcoOeas tt}? rvfnravLcr- 
rpias %evo<$ 7] (pu'Xo? r) yvwptfios tjv ^lXlttttos ; eyw 
fiev ov% opw, aXX efiLa6ai6rj<; em ra> ra tovtcovl 
<rvfjL<f>epovra Biacj)Oelpecv. aXX bfia)s ovrco cfravepeos 20 
auro? elXrj/uL/uuevos irpohorrfs Kav Kara cravrov firjw 
rr)<; eiri rots avfifiacrL yeyovat? efioL Xothopel /cat, 
ove^Si^ecs ravra, <bv iravras fiaXXov ainovs evpnqcreLS. 

IloXXd real KaXa koi fieyaka r) 7ro/U?, Aiayjivr], 285 
Kav irpoeuXero Kai KarcopOcoare hi e/uov, oyv ovk rffivrj- 25 
fiovrjaev. arjfjLelov Be' ^etporovwv yap 6 Srjfios rov 
epovvr em Tot? rereXevrrjKoac irap avra ra crvfi- 



100 AUMOXSENOTX [321. 286 

{3dvra ov ere e^etporovrjae irpo^XijOevTa, Katirep 
evcfxouov ovra, ovhe ArjjjtdSrjv, ctprt 7re7rot7]fcora Tr]v 
€Lprjvr)v, ouS' 'Hyrj/jiova, ov8 aXXov vptwu ovSeva, 
aXX epte. KCLi irapeXQovTO^ o~ov /cat UvOo/cXeovs 
5 co/JLGos /cat avcu8a)<>, &> Zev /cat deot, /cat, /carTjyopovv- 
twv €{jlov ravrd a teal ay vvvt, teat XoiSopov/jLevcov, er 

286 aptetvov eyetpo~:ovr\aev epte. to 8 atrtov ov/c ayvoels 
[iev, Oyctco? Be (fipaaco aot /cayco. a/j.<f)0Tep rjBecrav 

OVTOt, TTjV T iflTjV 6VV01CLV KCLI 7T podv/iltav, /UL60 7)9 

10 to. irpdyixar eirparrov, teal rrjv vpterepau aBt/ctav 
a ydp evOevovvTwv twv irpayptdrcov rjpvelaOe Bto/xw- 
ptevot, ravr ev oh eirrataev rj 7ro\i? roptoXoyrjaaTe. 
toi;9 ovv eiri rot? tcoivols ar vyr\p,aa tv d)v efipovovv 
Xafiovra? aSetav i^Opovs ptev iraXai, cpavepovs Be to0' 

287 rjy rjaavTO auTot? yeyevrjaOaf eira /cat TTpoa^/cetv 
16 vTroXap,(3avovT€<; top epovvr €7rt rots rereXevrrj/cocrt 

KOLI TTjV €K6lV(t)V ap€T7)V KOaptT}aOVTa pLTjO Ofjtwpocbtov 

fMTjO optoairovBov yeyevrj/btevov elvat rots 7rpo? e/cet- 
vovs irapaia^aptevot^^ ptrjB' efcet ptev KWjxd^etv /cat 

20 iratavt^etv eirt rals rcov ' EXXr)vcov avptfyopats per a 
tcov avTo-^etpwv tov cpovov, Bevpo S' 1x6 ovra Tt/jta- 
o~6at, ptrjBe tjj (fixovr) Batcpvetv viroKptvopevov rrjv 
e/cetveov Tvyr\v, aXXd Tjj ^rv)(rj crvvaXyelv. tovto 
B' ecopcov irap eavrots /cat Trap eptol. irapa o' vptiv 

25 ov. ota javT e/Jt e^eipOTOurjcrav /cat ov% vpcas. 

288 teat ovy^ o ptev Bfjptos ovtws, ot Be twv rereXevrij/co- 
7(av Trarepes /cat aBeXcpol ot virb tov Bt]ptov toQ* 



-322. 2 9 o] IIEPI TOT ZTEQANOT. 101 

alpeOevTes eirl tci? Tacfias aWw? ttoj?, a\\a Seov 
iroielv clvtovs to nrepihenrvov a>? 7rap oi/cetoTarcp 
twv T6Te\€VT7)fCOTCOV, oiaTrep tclW elcoOe ylyveaOac, 
tout eTTolrjcrav Trap 6/jLoL eucoiw yevei p,ev yap 
eica(TTO<$ etao-Tcp /jlclWov oikgcos tjv e/xov , fcoivrj be 5 
iraaiv ouSet? eyyvrepw d> ^yayo €K6lvov$ awOrjvai 
/cat KdTopdoocraL fxaXiaTa huecpepev, ovtos tcai iraQov- 
tcqv a p,r\TTOT co<pe\ov ttJ? virep dirdvTcov Xvirr)? 
irXelaTov /meTel^v. 

Aeye 6° avTa> tovtl to eirtypafifia, o Brj/jLOata^W 
TrpoetXeTO r) 7ro\i$ avTol? eirLypdyfrac, lu elSfjs, n 
Aiayjivr], icai ev avTcp tovtco oclvtov dyvco/jcova teat 
av/co(j>dvT7]v bvTa tcai fjudpov. Aeye. 

EnirPAMMA. 

OiSe irdrpas evena acperepas els hrjpiv i'Oevro 

on\a, kcu duTinaXcov vftpiv dneaKedacrav. 15 

fiapvdfxevoi S' dperrjs kcu 8elp.aTos ovk eadaxrav 

\fsvxas, aXX' 'A'idrjv koivov i'devro ^paj3rj, 
ovve<ev ''EWrjuoav, cos p.f} £vybv av)(evi devreg 

8ovkoavvr)s crrvyepav dp(p\s e\oocnv vfipiv. 
yaia de narpls e^ft koKttols rcov 7rXctcrra K(iuovtg>p 20 

(roouar. enel Ovr^rois Ik Aws fjde Kpiais' 
firjbev d/jLapTelv eori 0eov ko\ Tzdvra Karopdoiiv, 

ev fiioTrj fxoipav §' ov ti (pvyelu eTropev. 

Afcovecs, Aio"Xivr), kcu ev clvtco tovtw fjbrjhev d/uap-^% 

T6LV €(TTL 060V Kdl TraVTd KdTOpQoVV ; OV TO) CTV/J,/3oV- 25 
\(p T7JV TOV KdTOpOoVV TOU? dyCOVL^O/jL€POV<i ' dVedrjKe 



102 AHMOXeENOTZ [323. 291 

Svvafuv, aXXa Tot? 6eol$. to ovv, 00 tear a par , efiol 
irepi tovtcov XoiBopel, kcll Xeyets a goi kcil toU crols 
01 Qeoi rpeyfretav et? KecfraXrjv ; 

291 IloXXa tolvvv, &> dvBpes AOrjvaloc, /ecu aXXa 
s fcarrjyopr) kotos avTOV teat, KaTetyevo-fievov, fiakiar 

edavfjuaaa wavTcov, ore tcdv avfjL^e/SrjKOTcov Tore 
Trj iroXet fivrja-dels ov% g>? av evvovs kcll Sl/caio? 
TroXirrjs €o-%€ ttjv jvwfjLTjv, ovB eBaKpvcrev, ovB' 
eiraOe tolovtov ovBev rfj yfrv^rj, aXX eirapas Ti]v <$>&- 
10 vtjv kcu yeyrjOcos Kat Xapvyyl^cov cpeio fjuev e/mov kcitt}- 
yopelv BtjXovotl, Bely/ma 8' egecpepe kclO eavTOv on 
Tot? yeyevrjfievois aviapols pvBev ofioico? ea^e toZ? 

292 aXXois. KaiToi top tcov vd/xcov kcll rrjs iro\t,T€ia$ 
^>ao~Kovra (fipovTi^eiv, coarrrep ovtos vvvl, kcu ei /nrjBev 

is aXXo, tovto y eyeiv Bel, ravra XvirelaOai kcu ravra 
yaipeiv toI<$ TroXXols, kcu /ult] rrj nrpoaipeaet twv 
kocvcov ev tw twv evavTtwv iiepei rera^Oai • b av vvvl 
ireirotrjKcos el (fravepos, eyiie nrdvTcov a'niov kcu 81 e/xe et? 
Trpdy/nara (pdaKcov efxireaelv ttjv ttoXlv, ovk airo Tr,$ 

20 efirjs TroXiTelas ovBe irpocupeaews ap^a/juevcov vfxcbv 

291 tols ' EXXrjai fiorjOelv, eirel e/juoty ei tovto BoOelrj 

Trap vfjbcov, Bl e/me vjjlcls r)vavTiwa6ai t?) kcltcl twv 

'EXXtjvwv dpyr) 7rpaTT0fievr), fiet^cov av 8o6etrj Bcoped 

avfiwaacov <bv tocs aXXois BeBcoKaTe. aXX ovt av 

25 eyco TavTa ^>r\aai\Li {d8iKoir)V yap av v/Aa?), ovt 
av v/mels ev otS' otl avy^wpr\aaiTe' ovtos, t et 
BUaia hroUi, ovk av eveKa Trjs irpos e/xe e^Opas Ta 



-324.296] IIEPI TOY ZTEQANOT. 103 

fieyLCTTa rcov vjnerepcov kciXcov eBXairre koli Ste- 
ftaXXev. 

'AXXa rl ravr eTTLTCfiw, ttoXXq) ayerXLcorepa 294 
aXXa KciTrjyoprjKOTos clvtov kcli Kare^eva/xevov ; 05 
yap efiov <f)L\i7r7n,<j/jubv, cj yrj /eat, 6eot, Karyjyopei, 5 
tl ovtos ov/c av ecrroi ; /eanoi vr\ tov Hpa/eXea /ecu 
7rdvra<; Oeovs, eo y err aXrjdelas SeoL cr/eo'ireladac, 
to /eara-tyevhecrOai zeal Bl eyQpav tl. Xeyecv aveXov- 
Ta? e/e fjL€G~ov, rives co? aXrjOcos etaiv oh av ecKorco? 
kcu Zucalws tt]v twv yeyevrjfievcov atrtav eiri ttjv 10 
K6(f>aXrjv dvaOelev diravres, tol»? o/jlolovs tovtg) irap 
ifcdo-T7) twv nroXecov evpotr av, ou tovs efiol' o%,l% 
or y)V acrdevf} rd QiXunrov irpdyixaia /eat, Kopuhrj 
fUKpd, TToXXara? nrpoXeyo'vrcov tj/jlcov zeal irapa/ea- 
Xovvrcov /ecu SiSacrKovTcov rd fieXrcara, tyjs iBtas eve/e 15 
aicr^poKephia^ ra tcoivr} av/JL(f)epovTa Trpo'Cevro, tovs 
VTrdpftovras hfcaaroi iroXtra^ e^airaTwvTes /ecu Biaej)- 
0€ipoPT€<;, eo)? BovXovs eirolijaav, QerraXovs Adoyos, 
Kiveas, Gpaavhalos, ApreaSas Kep/ahds, ^lepwvvfio^^ 
Ev/ea/jLTriSas, Apyelovs Mvpris, TeXeSafios, Mva- 20 
crea?, HXeiovs Ev^tQeos, KXeorifMos, ' ApiaTaiyiAos, 
Meo-arjviovs 01 QcXiaSov tov Oeols eyQpov iralSeq 
Necov /cat, Qpao~vXo)£o<?, ^lkvcovlovs ApiaTparos, 
ET7iydpr)<$> KopivOuovs Aetvapyos, Ar}/jbdparo<;, Me- 
yapeas flTOtoScopos, EXi^os, JTep/Xao?, ©7]/3aiovs 25 
TLfAoXas, ©eoyeiicov, AvepLOiras, Evftoeas f Iirirap- 
^o?, KXeiTapyps, ZcoalcrTpaTos. eiriXeL-^reL /xe Xe-298 



104 JHMOZGENOTZ [325. 297 

yovra tj rj/juepa ra tcop TrpoBorcov ovofiara. ovroc 
TrdvTes eiacv, avBpes AOrjvaloc, tcov avrcov fiovXev- 
fiarcov ev Tat? aurcov irarptatv (hvirep ovtol Trap 
vfilv, avOpcoiTOf, fjbiapoi, kch, /coXa/c€<; kcu aXacnopes, 
s r}K ■p(OT7]piaa fievoi ra<> eavrcov etcaaroi TrarpiBas, iryv 
eXevdeptav TrpoTreTrainoTes irporepov fiev 4>L\.L7nro), vvv 
Be A\ei~av$p(p, rrj yaarpc pLerpovvres /cat Tot? aicr- 
^taroa t^i/ evBat/iovcav, rrjv "B eXevdepcav kcu to 
fjLijSeva €%€iv heairoTrjv avrcov, a rols Trporepois 

10 EXXrjcuv bpot tcov ayaOoov rjcrav feat icavoves, ava- 

rerpo<f}ore<;. 
297 Tavrij? Toivvv tt)? oi/tco? axcr^pa? /cat ireptftorfcov 
<jV(TTaa€w<i real Kcucias^ fiaXXov B , d> avBpes A6rj- 
valoi, 77-poSocua?, ei Bel pur] Xrjpelv, tt}? tcov EXXtj- 

ts vcov eXevOeplas, tf re ttoXls irapd iracnv avOpcoirois 
clvclItlos yeyovev eic tcov e/jLcov TroXtTevpLaTcov /ecu 
eyco Trap v/jllv. elrd p, epcoTas avTi Troias aperrj? 
a^ioo itpLCLcrdai ; eyco Br] crot Xeyco ore tcov TroXiTeva- 
p,evcov irapa Tot? EXXrjac BcaxpdapevTcov diravTcov, 

20 ap%a\xevcov airo aov, irporepov puev vtto QiXlttttov, 

%% vvv B ' vir 'AXe^avBpov, epue OVT6 featpos ovre (pcXav- 

Opcoirca Xoycov ovr eTrayyeXccov fieyeOos out eXirl^ 

cure ^5o/9o? out aXXo ovBev eTrrjpev ovBe Trporjyd- 

yero gov etcpiva Bi/catcov icai aufi^epovrcov rrj TrarplBc 

25 ovBev TrpoBovvat, ovB , baa o~v[i(Se(SouXeutca irwrrore 
Tovroccri, 6/jloigos vfilv coo~Trepavei rpuTavrj peircov eiru 
to Xrjfifia arv/AJSejBovXevtca, aXX air opOrjs tcac Bucaias 



-326. 3 oi] IIEPI TOT ZTEQANOT. 105 

Kai aBiacpOopov rrjs ^f%???? Kai /j,eyio~Tcov Br) irpay- 

fjLCLTCDV TCOV KCLT ejXaVTOV aVUpO)7TCOV TTpOCTTaS TTaVTCL 

ravrq, vytcos Kai BiKaicos TreiroXtTevfjiai. Bid ravr 
afjcco Ti/udaOac. tov Be Tec^ta/jiov tovtov, ov ov 289 
fjuov Bceovpes, Kai ttjv Tac\>peiav d%ia /xev %dpno<; 5 
/ecu eiiaivov Kpivco, 7T&)? yap ov ; irdppco iievTOi rrrov 
tcov epiavTco ireiroXiTevixevcov TiOefiai. ov XlOols 
erec^Lcra ttjv ttoXiv ovBe ttXlvOois eyco, ovB eirl tov- 
tovz fieyiarov tcov ejnaviov cppovco' aXX eav tov 
efAOV Tei^iajnov /SouXr) BtKaicos aKoirelv^ evprjaeis 10 
birXa kcli iroXeis Kai tottovs Kai Xifievas Kai vavs 
Kai lttttoVs Kai ttoXKovs row; virep tovtcov afivvov- 
fievovs. ravra 7rpov{3aXd/jLr)v eyco Trpo ty)<z Atti-%^ 
ktjs, btrov r)v avOpcoirivcp Xoyiapuco Bvvarov, Kai tov~ 
Tot? eTeiyiaa ttjv yjopav, ovyi tov kvkXov tov 15 
Ileipaicos ovBe tov aoTecos. ovBe y 7)tt7]0tjv eyco 
Tot? Xoyicr/jLols QiXittttov, ttoXXov ye Kai, Bel, ovBe 
Tat? TrapacTKevals, aU' ol tcov avfifid^cov o~TpaT7)- 
yol Kai al Bvvdfieis Trj tv^tj. tlv€<; ai tovtcov diro- 
Bet^et<i ; evapyeis Kai c\>avepai. OKOTreiTe Be. 20 

Ti y^prrv tov evvovv ttoXitijv iroielv, tc tov /xera 301 
Tracrijs irpovoias Kai irpoOvfxia^ Kai BiKatocrvvrjs vTrep 
T97? TraTpcBos iroXiTevouevov ; ovk eK [xev OaXaTTrjs 
ttjv Evftoiav 7rpo/3aXeo-dac Trpo ttJ? Attikt)?, etc Be 
T179 /jbeaoyeias ttjv BoicoTiav, eK Be tcov irpo^ TIeXo- 25 
irovvrjaov tottcov tov<s ofjuopovs TavTrj ; ov ttjv ctito- 
rrrofiTTiav, ottco<$ irapa iraaav cpiXiav d%pi tov 
5* 



106 AHMOZSENOTZ [326. 302 

101 Ueipacw? KO/nLaOrjaeraij irpo'CheaOai; /ecu rd fiev 
Gwaai twv v7rap^ovrcov efCTre/jLirovTa (SorjOeias tcac 
Xeyovra kcll ypdcfrovra rocavra, rt]v TIpoKOvvrjaov, 
ttjv Xeppovrjaov, rr\v Tevehov, ra h 07ra)? oucela kcll 
5 c-u/nfia^ vrrap^ei 7rpa^ao, ro Bv^avrtov, ttjv A/3v- 
Sov, tt)v Ev/3ocav ; kcu rcov fiev toZ? e^Opois uirap- 
^ovacov hwajxecov ra$ /jLeyiaras acpeXelv, <ov h 

103 eveXecrre rrj iroXet, ravra irpoadelvai ; ravra tolvvv 
airavra rzerrpaKrai Tot? e/zot? ^frrjcfua/jbao-i kcu rols 

10 e/xot? TroXtrev/jLacnv, a kcll /3e/3ovXev/jieva, w avSpes 
AOrjvatoi, edv dvev (f)9ovov Tt? (3ovX7]rat afcoirelv, 
opOcos evpr\aeo fcal 7re7rpay/UL6va Trdarj SiKaioavvy, kcu 
rov eKaarov Kcupov ov irapeOevra ov$ ayvorjOevra 
ovhe irpoeOevra vtt e/^ou, ical oaa et? eVo? avhpos 8v- 

15 va/uuv kcu Xoyio-jjubv r)Kev t ovhev eXXeifydev. el he rj 
cufjuovos rivos rj ru^7]<; tcr^u? rj arparrjycov <pavXorr)<; 

7] TWV TTpohlhoVTCOV TGM? 7T0Xet? VfXCOV KaKtO, T} TTCLVICI 

ravra a/ua eXv/xaivero toZ? oXols, e&>? averpeyfrav, ri 
H04 Arjfiocrdevrjs ahiKet ; eu h oio? eyco irap vpuv Kara 

20 rrjv e/ubCbVTOV ra%iv, et? ev eKacrrrj rcov 'EXXyvlhcov 
iroXecov av7)p eyevero, fiaXXov h ei eva dvhpa /jlovov 
QerraXta kcu eva dvhpa ApKahta ravra <f>povovvra 
eayev €/jlol, ovheis ovre rcov e£co UvXcov EXXrjvcov 
ovre rcov eccrco rols rrapovai KaKols e/ce^prjr av, 

25 aXXa Travres av ovre? eXevOepoi Kau avrovofioi fiera 
rzdet]^ dhela? do~(f>aXco<; ev evhaifiovuz ras eavrwv 
wkovv 7raTp/8a?, rcov roaovrcov Kat, roiovrwv ayaOwv 



-328.308] UEPI TOT 2TE&AN0T. 107 

v/jlIv tcai toZ? clXXols ' ' AQiqvaiQis eyovTes X a P LV ^ l 

6fl€. Iva B 6iBr]T€ OTL TToXXo) T06? XoyOLS eXdTTOGl 305 

ypwjjLcu Tcov epycov, evXaftovfievos tov (j)0ovov, Xeye 
yuoi ravrl kcll dvayvco0L Xaffcov tov api0fiov tcov 
(Sorideilov Kara tcu e/ia ^(pco-fiaTa. s 

'API6M02 BOH0EION. 

Tavra tcai toiclvtcl TrpaTTetv, Alg^ivtj, tov tcakov 305 
naya0ov TroXiT7]v Bel, <hv KaTopOov/xevcov fiev fie- 
yco-Tots ava{i<f)io-l3r)Tr}TG)S VTTr)pyev elvai, kcli to 
SifcaLco? Trpoarjv, a?? erepoj? Be o~vju.(3avTcov to yovv 
evBoKifjueiv irepieaTi tcai to /jurjBeva /jbe/jL<f)ecr0aL ttjv io 
ttoXlv fi7]Be ttjv irpoaipeaiv avTrjs, aXXa ttjv tv^tjv 
KcucL^eiv tj]v ovtco tcl Trpay/jLaTa Kptvaaav^ ov fia 307 
Ai ov/c airoGTavTa tcov o-vficpepovTcov tt) TroXet,, 
liiaOwoavTa 8 avTOV toi? evavTioi%, Toy? virep twv 
ey0pusv /catpovs clvtX tcov t^? iraTpuBos 0epaireveiv, is 
ovBe tov fxev irpaypiaT a^ia T17? iroXeco^ viroaTavTa 
Xeyetv tcai ypdcbetv /ecu fxevew eiri tovtcov 7rpoeXo- 
fievov /3ao-fcatv€iv, civ Be tcs iBla tl XvTrrjcrr), tovto 
(JLepLvrjaOai kcu Trjpelv, ovBe y rjoru^lav ayeiv clBlkov 
/ecu, vttovXov, b o~v 7ro/,et? ttoXXclkl^. eciTi yap, 308 
eo~Tiv r\GvyjLa Bacaia /cat, av/xepepovaa ttj iroXei, rjv 21 
ol ttoXXol twv ttoXltcov vfiels dirXcos ayeTe. aXX 
ov Tavi7]v ovtos dyer tj]v r]avylav y iroXXov ye /cat 
Bee, aX\ airocTTas oTav avTco Bd^rj t^? TroXiTecas 
(TToXXatcis Be BoKel) cfivXaTTec 7T7]vlk ecreo-Qe fieaTol 25 



108 AHMOZSENOr? [328. 309 

tov awe^ccs Xeyovro? rj irapa ttjs t 1^179 tl av/jifBe- 
/3r)tcev evavTMO/jLci r) aXXo re BvctkoXqv yeyove liroXXa 
809 Se ravOpayinvay elr eirl rovro) tco icaipw pyjrcop 
e£ai(j)vr)<; e/c t?5? rjav^cas coawep irvevjx ecfxivr). kcli 
5 7T6(f)covaaK7]Kco<; kcli avveiXoyuis prj/juara kcli Xoyovs 
avpeipet tovtovs aacpw^ icai cnrvevari, ovr\aiv jmev 
ovBepaap (fiepovras ovB dyaOov KTrjcrip ovBevos, avfi- 
<f>opav Be tco TV%pvTi tcop ttoXltcop kcll kolvi)p ala^v- 

P7JP. KOLLTOb TaVTT}? T?J? fieXeTT]? KOI TTjS €7n,jLie\eiaS, 

10 AiayjLVt}, einrep etc •x/rir^? Bucalas eyiypeTO kcli tcl 
t?5? irarpiBos crvficpepopTa TrporjprjfjLevrjs, tol"? nap- 
7TOU? eBei yevpaiovs icai KaXovs real ttclglp cocpeXc/ubov^ 
elvcu, avpL/jba^ca<; iroXecov, iropovs xprj/jLarcop, ifiiro- 
piov fcaTaar/cevrjV, .po/jlcop av/JLCpepoPTCOP Secret?, Toh 
§10 diroBeL^OelcriP e^dpocs epapTLco/uuaTa. tovtcop yap 

16 diraprcov rjv ev Toh apco ^povois e^eraais, /cal eS&>- 
K6V TrapeXdcop %povo<$ rroXXas aTroBetfjeis avBpl 
kclXco re KayaOco, ev oh ovBafiov av (pavrjcrei, yeyo- 
^a>?, ov TTpxoToSj ov BevT€po<;, ov Tpiros, ov rerapro^, 

20 ov Tre/nrros, ov% e«rro?, ov% oiroaroaovv, ovtcovp errl 

%\\y oh r) TTdTpis i]vgav€TO. T£? yap crvfifia%ia gov 

irpd^avTO^ yeyope ttj TroXet ; Tts Be /3or)6eia rj kttj- 

crh evvolas rj Bofjrjs ; T£? Be Trpecrf3eia, rt? BuiKOvla 

Bi tjv ttoXls eVTLfiorepa ; ri tcop oirceuov 7] tcop 

25 ' EXXrjvifccov /cat tjePLKCOp, oh eireo-rr)^, eTrr\vcopQcoiai ; 
TrolaL rpiripei^; irola /3eX7j ; ttolol pecoaoiKOi ; res 
€7riaK£vr) leiyjav ; irolov lttttlkov; 11 tcop dirdpicov 



-330-315] UEPI TOT 2TE$AN0T. 109 

(TV xprjaifios el; T£9 r) rols eviropois tj rot? airopois 
ttoXltikt) icai kolvt) (Sor\6eLa ^prjfiaTcov ; ovhepaa. 
aU', a> tclv, ec firjBev tovtwv, evvoia ye /cat TrpoOv- %\% 
fila' ttov ; wore; octt^?, a> ttcivtwv aStKcorare, ov& 
ore airavres, bo~oi ircoTOT e^Oey^avT eirt, tov ^77- 5 
fiaro?, et? acorrjpcav eireBlBoaav, kcli to reXevralov 

' ' AplGTOVUCOS TO CTVVei\€yfJL€VOV 66? TTjV eTTCTl/JLtaV 

apyvpiov, ovBe rore ovre iraprjXOes ovt eireBcoKa? 
ovSev, ovk CLTTopwV) 7T(w? yap ; 6? ye KeKXrjpovo/jLTjKa? 
jxev twv $iX(dvo<$ tov KrjSearov ^prj/juarcov irXeiovaiv 10 
7] TrevTeraXcivTOdv, BcraXavrov & et^e? epavov Bcopeav 

V « ( / « r> 5,5 ? 5 / 

irapa tcov rjyefMovcov twv avfipbopiwv ecp ot? eXvfirjvco 
tov Tpir)papyiicov vo/iov. aXX Iva fir] Xoyov eic%\l 
Xoyov Xeycov tov irapovTos efiavTOv eKKpovcrco, irapa- 
Xetyjrco TavTa. aXX oti y ovyi Bi evBeiav ovk eire- 15 
Scofcas, e/c tovtcov BrjXov, aXXa <f>vXaTTCov to /xrjBev 
evavTiov yeveodai irapa crov tovtois oh airavTa 
TToXtTevet. ev tiq~iv ovv ov veavcas icai irrjvtKa 
XafjLirpos ; rjvi/c av kclto, tovtcqvi, Berj, ev tovtow 
XafjLTrpocfxovoTciTOS, fAvrjfjLOVifcwTCiTos, vTT0KpLT7)<$ apt- 20 
<tto?, Tpayifcos ®eoKpivr)<$. 

EItcl tcov TrpoTepov yeyevr)/j,evcov ayaOcov avBpcov 314 
fjLefJLV7)crai. kcll KaXtos Troiels. ov jxevTOL BiKacov 
eaTLV, to avBpe? AOrjvatoi, tt)v irpo^ tovs TeTeXevTrj- 
kotcls evvoiav virapyovaav 7rpoXa/3ovTa Trap* v/xcov 25 
Trpos eiceivovs e^eTa^ecv kclI irapaftaXXeiv e/ne top 
vvv l^vtol fieO vjjlcov. tls yap ovk olBe tcov vrdv- 315 



110 JHMOSSENOTS [330. 316 

TCOV OTL TOt? fJL6V £o)CTfc TTCLCTLV VTT6CT71 Tt9 7] TrXetCOV Tj 

€\clttcov cfiOovo?, tovs TeOvecoTa? he. ovhe tcov e^Opcov 
ovhets en ficaet ; ovtcos ovv eyovTcov tovtcov rrj 
cpvaei, 7T/DO? tov$ irpo efiavrov vvv eyco Kpivco/xai teal 
5 decopcopbat ; pLTjhapLcos ■ ovre yap hacaiov ovr lctov, 
Aia-yjLvr), aX\d irpo^s ere /ecu aXXov ei Tiva ftovXec 
§16 tow ravrd ctol 7rpor)p7]/jLevcov Kai ^covtcov. tcaicelvo 
aKoirei. iroTepov koXXiov kcli a/jiecvov ttj iroXei hud 
tcl? tcov irpojepov evepyeaias, ovcras vTrepfieyeOeis, 

10 OV (JL€V OVV 6L7T0C T£9 CIV TjXlKaS, TO? €7T0 70V TTapoVTCL 

fiiov yiyvofjievas et9 ayapiaTuav tccu TrpoirrjXaiaafJLov 

dyeiv, ?) iracriv, baoi tl pier evvotas TrpaTTOvcri, T779 

§17 irapa tovtcov Tipirjs kcu cptXavOpcoirtas fieTelvai ; kcu 

firjv ei kcli tovt dpa hel p,e etirelv) rj p,ev epurj iroXi- 

15 Tela kcu, irpoalpecns, av rt9 opdeo? gkotttj, tois tcov 
tot eiraivovfievcov avhpcov opuoca Kai TavTa fiovXo- 
jmevr) cpavrjaeTai, r\ Be err) Tal$ tcov tou9 tolovtovs 
tot€ avKO(pavTOWTcov • hrjXov yap oti Kai KaT eKet- 
vovs rjcrdv Tives, 0% hiecrvpov puev tovs bvTas totc, 

20 tov<? he TrpoTepov yeyevrjfxevov 9 eTryvovv, /3ao~Kavov 

818 irpayfia Kai TavTO ttolovvt6<s gov • elra Xe'yeis cos 

ovhev o/jlolo's etpu eKetvot? eyco ; av h bfioios, Ala^l- 

V7) ; 6 8 aheXcpos 6 cro9 ; aXXo? he T£9 tcov vvv 

prjTopcov; eyco puev yap ovheva cprj/ic. aXXa 7rpo9 

25 tol/9 ^covTas, cb ^770-Te, Iva /nr]hev dXX euTrco, tov 
£covto, e^eTa^e Kai rou9 fcad auTov, cocrirep TaXXa 
7ravTa, TOU9 7roL7jTa<;, tov<; xopovs, tou9 aycovicTTas. 



-330.321] IIEPI TOT 2TE&AN0T. Ill 

6 $iXd/n{iG0V ov% otl TXavKov TOV KapvJTiov KCLL §19 
tlvcov erepcov Trpdrepov yeyevrjfievcov aOXrjrwv aa6e- 
vearepos rjv, dar€cf)dv(DT0<; e/c rrjs OXv fiir m? wiryei, 
aXX on rcov 6L(rek6ov7(0V 7T/30? avrov dpiGra e/jbd- 

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ovuva ftovXeu rcov diravrcov ovBeva e^laTa/uai. ojv, S20 
ore fiev rfj 7roXei rd /3eXrLGra eXecrdai iraprjv, ec£a- 
fiiXXov t^? et? ttjv irarpiBa evvoLas ev kolvqj ttclgv 
Keifie'vrjq, eyco Kparcara Xeycov e<fiaLvofir)v, kcll tols 10 
efiots icai ^rj(j)lafMaaL kcll vopiois kcu 7rpecr/3eiat? 
arrravTCL BctpKelro, vfjuwv Be ovBels rjv ovBafiov, TrXrjv 
ei Toi/TOt? €7rr]peaaaL to Beoc eireihr] Be a firjiror 
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nrarpiBo^ fxto-Qapvelv eroLficov kcll twv KoXaKeveiv 
krepov ftovXo/jLe'vcov e^eTaais rjv^ rrjvLKavra gv kcll 

TOVTCOV €KCLGTO$ . €V TO^eL KM fJbeydS KCLL Xa/JLTTpO? 

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rov (pvGec fierpiov 7ToXlt7)v eyeLV Bel {ovtw yap /jlol 21 
irepL efiavrov Xeyovri aveiTL^>6ovcoTaTOV enrelv^ ev 
fiev rais e%QVGiai<$ ttjv rov yevvaiov kcll tov irpco- 
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112 AHMOZBENOTZ. [332. 322 

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Slkcls eirayovrcov, ov/c airetXovvTcov, ov/c eirayyeXXo- 
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5 ei? vficis evvoiav. to yap eg dpxfjs evdvs op6r)v teal 
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Ta? Bvvaareias, Ta? evBogta? Ta? ttJ? TraTpiBos 6epa- 

q}2S irevetv, ravras avgeiv, /nerd tovtcdv elvai. ov/c eirl 
fiev to2$ erepcov evrvyri/jLacri, (fraiBpos eyco ica\ yeyrj- 
10 Otos Kara rr)v ayopav irepiepyofjiai, ttjv Begiav irpo~ 
reivcov koI evayyeXify/uLevos tovtois ovs av e/celae 
dirayyeXXeiv oico/jiai,, rcov Be tt)<; 7roXeco<; dyaOcov 
7re<fipL/c(0s a/covco kclL arevcov /cal kvtttcov et? rr]v 
yrjv, coenrep ol Bvo-o-e/3e2s ovtol, 0% rr)v fiev ttoXlv 

is Biacrvpovcriv, toenrep ov% avrovs Biaavpovres, brav 
tovto iroioiCLv^ egco Be ftXeirovcn, /cat ev ois arvyrj- 
cravrcov twv EXXr\vtov Tjvrvyrjcrev erepos, ravr 
eiraivovai teal ottco? tov amavra y^povov fievel cpaal 
Beiv TTjpelv. 

IH Mr) Brjr , co Travres 6eoc, /LLrjBeis rovO vjjlcov €ttl- 

21 vevaeieVy aXXa /jLaXicrra jjuev /cat tovtov? /3eXrico Tivd 
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toutou? fxev avrovs icau eavrovs egooXeis /cac irpoco- 
Xeis ev yrj /cat OaXarTrj iroirjaare, rjfjbtv Be tol<; Xoi- 

25 7T06? ttjv Ta^Larrjv airaXXayrjv rcov eirrjpTrjfxevcov 
cpoficov Bore koI aarrjpiav acrcbaXr). 



NOTES. 



NOTES 



§§ 1, 2. Exordium : a solemn prayer reiterated shortly after (8). 
May heaven inspire the assembly to give me such a trial as 
my merits deserve and impartial justice dictates. 

1. Page 1, line 1. irpwTov fie'v. "To commence a speech with 
prayer," says Dissen, "was unusual in the Greek law courts. One 
instance is found in Lycurgus (c. Leocr. 136) " [eiixop-ai. yap rrj 'Adrjva 
ical tois ctXXoiS 6eois...ip.e fiev &^iov narrfyopov Troiijaai.] "The Eomans 
rather affected the practice : Servius (on Vergil. JEn. xi. 301), Ma- 
jores nullam orationem nisi invocatis numinibus inchoabant. Cf. 
Ciceron. Div. in Ccecil. 13 " : also pro L. Murend 1, and pro C. Cor- 
nelio (fragm. ). In this instance, the solemn appeal to heaven is occa- 
sioned by the unjust demand of iEschines that Demosthenes should 
be required, in his speech, to follow the order of the indictment and 
the prosecution. — 2. 8<rt]v ei'voiav, k. t. X., that the same good-will 
which I ever bear to the state and all of yourselves may subsist for me on your 
part in the present trial. The etivoia of Demosthenes had been specified 
in Ctesiphon's decree as a ground for giving him the crown. K-qpvTTeTa.1 
ris kv tw dedrpcj} 8tl (TTe<pavovTcu aperTJs 'iveKa koX dvdpayadias ical evvoias, 
Much. c. Ctes. 89, 2. In connection with diareXu <=x wv the word vwdp^ai 
is very appropriate : his constant patriotism, he assumes, will have ac- 
cumulated for him a fund of popularity on which he may draw at this 
crisis. The emphatic tovtov'l adds emphasis to the expression of this 
idea. — 4. els = for, or in respect to. — 5. gireiTd belongs to the class of 
adverbs which are in themselves antithetic : hence the p.ev after irpd}- 
top does not require to be followed by 8e or any similar particle. — 
Sirep, k. t. X., that which is most in the interest of yourselves and your 
character for piety and honor. For virep we find o tl fieXKei avvoLaew in 



116 NOTES. 

the parallel passage, inf. 8. With this sense of evae^eia cf. Soph. 
El. 968, evaefieiav e/c irarpos ko-toj davovTOS oluei. Here edaefieia refers 
to their oath in particular, dotja to equity in general. For do^a in 8 
the orator substitutes ev8o£la as more explicit. — 6. 7rapa<rTfj<rat, to 
inspire. TrapacrTrjaavTa iXwldas, p. 448, 1. 9. ov yap y\ TrXTjyrj irapecrTrjae 
tqv opyqv dXX' 7) a.Tip.ia, p. 537, 1. 22. Whiston translates it, to put 
into your hearts. — 7. p.f| tov &vti8ikov, not to take my opponent for your 
adviser respecting the manner in which you ought to hear me. iEschin. 
p. 82 (fin.), d^idxxare tov Arj/ULoaOev-nv tov clvtov Tpoirov diroXoyeladac 
ovwep KayCo KaT-nyoprjua, i. e. let him reply to the charge of special ille- 
gality before he defends his general character. — 8. vp.ds ep.ov. Ob- 
serve the juxtaposition and the emphasis, suggesting the absurdity as 
well as the injustice of such dictation : how you ought to hear me. — 
2. 9. tov 8pKov. A clause in the oath of the Heliastse was dicpod<ropt,aL 
rod T€ KaT-nyopov /cat tov diroXoyovp.e'vov 6/zoi'ws ajxcpolv, p. 747, 1. 9. 
With opKov repeat ovixfiovXov iroir}<ra<rdai=to consult. — 11. dicpod<ra<r- 
Gai. Bekker from 2. The common reading was aKpodaOat. The 
present infinitive would refer to the universal principle, the aorist to 
its particular application in any given case. — 12. ov p.6vov. The 
fiovov must be understood as repeated after the following ovM, ...not 
merely to have formed no prejudice, not merely to show your good-will in 
equal measure to both sides. Another instance of this very common 
ellipsis is in 93. — 14. ttj TcL^ei, k. t. \., to allow each of the opposing 
orators so to deal with his defence and its arrangement as he has desired 
and predetermined to do. The force of these perfects represents the 
speaker as having chosen his line of defence fully and on principle 
before the trial begins, after which he cannot lightly abandon it. 
There is no need to take ttj T&£ei /ecu ttj diroXoyia as a hendiad}^. 

3, 4. Aeschines, in this trial, has two special advantages 
over me : (1) he has no character to lose ; (2) the side of the 
case he speaks for is the most entertaining and interesting. 

3. 17. IloWd \i.lv, k. t. X., now while I have many disadvantages... 
there are two which are especially great. In this favorite Attic construc- 
tion 84 introduces the principal sentence, fx4v the subordinate : fre- 
quently, as in the present example, they form the apodosis and prot- 
asis of a strictly concessive sentence. The teal is emphatic ; non 
copulat sed intendit (Stallbaum on Protag. 315 d) ; a use especially 
marked in the phrases koI /xdXa, kclI irdvv, and the like. — 18. d"ywva. 
This word denotes the Grecian games, primarily the vast assembly that 



NOTES. 11 



was wont to witness them, and then the contest and struggle for the 
prize. Its use by the Attic orators to express a trial in the courts is 
highly significant. The Athenian dicasteries at this time had become, 
as it were, the games or spectacles of the age, in which the orators were 
the athletes, and the people found their favorite amusement in being 
present as spectators.- And to this contest and spectacle — tovtovl 
top aytova — a greater concourse had come together from all Greece 
than had ever before been known to be present on any such occasion. 
See vEsch. c. Ctes. 56, and Cic. de Opt. Gen. Orat. 7. — Page 2, line 1. 
ov Trepl t«v I'trcov, not for an. equal stake ; that is, I have far more at 
stake than he has. — 3. 4\eiv, to win his cause ; like our own phrase, to 
get a verdict. eXetv in this sense is used of the prosecutor only, and 
usually in conjunction with ypa<pr]. ypacpas iroXXas ical fieydXas cobras 
elXev ovdejxiav, Antiph. p. 115, 1. 24. ypcupr) as distinguished from 
elaayyeXla. is an indictment directed against criminal documents or 
orations, elaayyeXia against criminal conduct ; inf. 249. Both words 
are descriptive of public accusations, never of private, for ypa<p) Idia 
(c. Mid. p. 529) implies that, in injuring the individual prosecutor, 
the accused has injured the state; because, at the time of the attack, 
the prosecutor was a State officer, or the like. 81kt) as a general 
term for all varieties of actions would include public prosecutions, 
although, as a legal term, its special meaning is a private suit. — 
4. Ifiol jiev. The aposiopesis is due to euphemism ; it would be 
ominous (dvaxepes) to allude to an adverse verdict. He implies : I 
have position and reputation at stake ; iEschines possesses neither, 
and therefore has nothing to lose ; hence he accuses me, e/c irepiov- 
crias, at a monstrous advantage. Eeiske holds that this latter phrase 
includes the idea, in sheer wantonness, or, by way of pastime. Whistoh 
renders it, from a superabundant slock ; adding, for explanation, "hence 
his loss will be comparatively small, as he has not much to lose." 
And he quotes Brougham as rendering : "he brings his charge an 
unprovoked volunteer, ex abundantL" The former, in his edition, 
places a dash after the clause: ov (3oij\oiJ.ai...Tov Xoyov, as well as 
before it, thus making it parenthetical, and odros 8' antithetic to i/xol 
p.ev. — 6. fe'repov 8«, and the other (sc. disadvantage), the natural instinct 
of all mankind to enjoy the hearing of invectives. — 4. 10. ira<riv...€vo)(- 
Xet, offends everybody. 6 tl Slv p^q Kad' rjp,epav evoxXrj irapopdre, p. 
398, 1. 7. The verb ivoxXeiv is usually transitive, ovxl rCov evoxXow- 
tuv v/jlcLs ; p. 622, 1. 12 ; but Lysias constructs it as a neuter, c. Andoc. 



118 NOTES. 

p. 107, £f yovu eirl<TTavrai fxr/ ivoxKeiv roh 7)5 wrj/ieuois, and so does De- 
mosthenes, p. 341, 1. 3, ivox^ouvras nal irpoaiovras bplv. d>s Zttos elireiv 
qualifies the otherwise too unqualified iraaiv: everybody, so to speak. 
C. 671; Cu. 564; G. 268; H. 772.*— 11. tcav jasv, and if in pre- 
caution against this, I abstain from stating what I have done... I shall 
be thought incapable of clearing myself from the charges, or showing my 
claims for honorable distinction. His dilemma is this : either he must 
praise himself, and so disgust the court, or else hold his peace, and 
so make a tacit admission that iEschines is in the right, deiwumi, 
to exhibit rather than prove. — 14. &...ir€Tro\tTevfj.ai, my conduct and 
policy. A fondness for such pairs of words closely related in signifi- 
cation is characteristic of our orator's style. Cf. j3e(3ou\7iTcu ko.1 
TrporjprjTcu, 2, Xoidopi&jt /cat Karrjyopiwu, 3, et passim. — 16. «s [lerpisL- 
TCtTa. This usual ellipsis of dwardu eari, or the like, resembles our 
own idiom, "as best may be"; guam modestissime. C, 553 ; Cu v 631, 
a; H. 664. — 17. # ti 8' &v. But, whatever the case itself constrains 
me to, of that he who set such a trial on foot deserves to incur the blame ; 
i. e. self-defence justifies self-laudation. Eeiske cites Quintil. Inst. 
Or. xi. 1, 22, Neque hoc dico non aliquando de rebus a se gestis ora- 
tori esse dicendum, sicut eidem Demostheni pro Ctesiphonte, quod 
tamen ita emendavit ut necessitatem id faciendi ostenderet, invidi- 
amque omnem in eum regeret qui hoc se coegisset. Plutarch, Mor. 
541 E, calls it \a;j.irpav to. Av.uoadevei. irapp-nalav. 

5-7. My stake in this case is quite as heavy as Ctesiphon's. 
I implore you not to be prejudiced by the speech for the 

PROSECUTION, BUT TO BEAR IN MIND YOUR OATH AS JURORS. 

5. 21. IjJLoi re Kttl KTrjo-i^iSi/Ti. t«= is wanting in 2, probably by 
accidental omission. In this clause he declares the close connection of 
Ctesiphon with himself as regards the trial, in the next the ifiot stands 
emphatically alone. Translate, and deserves on my own part an earnest- 
ness by no mean? inferior. The datives are ethical. C. 462 ; Cu. 433 ; 
G. 184, 3; H. 596. — 23. iravr<av = anythi)ig whatever (cinusvis). So in 
the common phrase, wain-os euTiv (cuivis contingit), "it is in the power 
of anybody (and everybody)." to p.h dpycad^vcu iravrbs kcu pabiov. 
Aristot. N. E. 11, 9. — 25. ttjs irap' vp-wv evvoCas. . This replies to the 
taunt of iEschines on p. 84, cv 5' ou're irepi t?)S ovaias ofce irepl tov 

CibpLCLTOS OVT€ TTepl T7JS eTTlTlpLLaS Vjywvi^j] • dXXd Wepl TWOS €<TTIV CtVTU) 7) 

* The references are to the grammars of Crosby, Rev. Ed. 1S71 ; Curtius, Har- 
per's Ed. 1872 ; Goodwin ; and Hadley. 



NOTES. 119 

virovdr/; irepl XP V(T & V GTetfu&vav ko.1 KvpvypLaTuv iv to) dear pip. — 

6. P. 3, 1. 3. Sikcucos. This adverb and the four following words 
belong clearly to d/cotfcrcu. I beg and implore you, while I am making my 
defence upon the charges, to hear me with justice as the laws direct. — ef- 
&PXTJS. Originally, not as the earliest lawgiver, but as the most influ- 
ential. Hence ridels, which is strictly of one despotic lawgiver, 
whereas nde/xevos is of a republic or community. — 4. eiivovs t»|xiv. 
So Ar. Nub. 1190, SoXwj' 6 7r<x\cuds fy (pi\68vp:os rqv cp'v'cTiv. Translate, 
being well disposed towards you, and a friend to the people. — ov p,d- 
vov, k. t. X. Thought it essential should be rendered valid, not merely by the 
fact of recording them, but also by the fact of you, the jurors, having taken 
an oath. To appreciate the force of the tenses diKafrvras and 6p.up.o- 
icevai we must recollect that a body of 6,000 was chosen annually by 
lot from the whole of the commons ; out of these again, the Archons 
selected by lot the jury for each particular case, and they took the 
oath every time prior to trying a cause. — 7. 6. ovk &irio-T»v. Not be- 
cause he distrusted you. C. 674; Cu. 581; G. 277, 2; H. 789, c. — 

7. curias Kal Sia(3oXds> ahia, according to Demosthenes, means an 
accusation relying on the bare word of the accuser. 6rav tls \f/i\$ 
Xpn<rdp.evos \6yip p,rj irapd(xxv Tal irlarcv &v Xeyei, p. 600, 1. 4. Hence 
we find it conjoined with 8iaf3o\al here and with \0180pla (I. c). Ob- 
serve the orator's fondness for pairs of kindred words. Cf. note, 4. 
— 8. 6 Slwkwv, the prosecutor, i. e. the accuser in his official capacity ; 
the Scotch "pursuer" ; opposed to 6 cpevyuv, the defendant. This 
difference between 8lwkciv and KaTrryopeiv is strongly marked in 9, el 
fiev odv trepl &v iSliOKe [xbvov Kar-nySprjcreu. — 9. iayyei = is strong ; that is, 
has the advantage. — irapeXOetv. Originally, to outstrip and pans 
by in a race ; hence, metaphorically, to defeat, circumvent, get the better 
of tol Hpya robs \6yovs iraptyxerai, p. 132, 7. — 11. 8ia<f>v\d.TT<wv. 
The compound 81a-, of persistence and continuance, as in 8ta<ribfcii>, 
Siaffiv, k. t. A. — to, SiKcua, k. t. X. Shall likewise (Kal) admit 
with favor the just pleas of him who speaks at a later period, and having 
first devoted himself as a fair and impartial hearer to both sides, thus and 
thus only (ovtu) (i. e. only after having heard both sides) let him form 
his decision on the whole case. Hence the Aorist irapavx&v. C. 674, 
d; Cu. 496; H. 717. 

8. With so serious a struggle before me I reiterate my 

PRAYER TO HEAVEN". 

16. «s &hk€. To be taken closely with iravrbs. Actually the 



120 NOTES. 

prosecution did not assail Demosthenes' life on all points^ but obvi- 
ously its intention was to do so. Compare note, ws '4iros elireiv, 4'. — 
17. X6*yov 8i86vcu. To give an account. So X. curetV, \a[if3aveti>, not 
to be confounded with the other usage, "to give a man opportunity 
of speaking." — 18. irdXiv. See the notes on the parallel passage in 
1. The exordium of this oration is longer and more impassioned 
than is usual with Demosthenes. The success of his defence depended 
entirely on his being permitted to choose his own order of arrange- 
ment, and to place in the foreground of his argument his public 
policy, in which he was sure of the-sympathy of the Athenian dicas- 
tery. Having secured this point in his introduction, he had in fact 
swept away the chief reliance and support of his antagonist, and could 
now meet him, as it were, in the open field, on the main question, 
where he had nothing to fear. His renewed and impassioned appeal 
to the gods for an impartial hearing was further justified, not to say 
necessitated, by his adversary's representation of him as an ill-starred 
and accursed enemy of the gods. 

9. As jEschines has travelled out of the indictment, I 

SHALL DO THE SAME. 

26. El Ka,TTi"y<$pT]cr€V...&v aTreXoYovfATjv. If he had (at the time 
when he spoke) accused me, I should have been now defending myself. 
The speech of iEschines is a thing of the past, that of Demosthenes 
is going on in the present. Hence we have the aorist in the pro- 
tasis, the imperfect in the apodosis. Many grammars give an erro- 
neous rule about the meaning of this imperfect indicative with _&», 
according to which rule they would render aireXoyov^-nv &v, "I 
should defend myself," as if there was some prospect of his doing so. 
But that would require in Greek the optative in lieu of the indicative. 
There can clearly be but a shade of difference between the imperfect 
indicative and the aorist of -the same mood, whenever they appear in 
exactly the same construction. Whichever of the two be combined 
with av in the apodosis of a conditional sentence, the very nature of 
the tense excludes all consideration of future prospects now. Such 
prospects were once future in a time gone by, if a certain condition 
had been then fulfilled ; but they are so no longer. The imperfect 
under these circumstances implies a little more than the aorist : it 
implies that the action of the verb is to be viewed as. a matter cf 
duration and continuity. C. 615 ; Cu. 537, sqq. ; G. 222 ; II. 
742. — 27. irpopcv\et»p.a.Tos. At the time when iEschines brought 



NOTES. 121 

his action, the "bill of Ctesiphon had received the sanction of the (3ovXri, 
and was then offered to the drj/xos, that their votes might be taken 
upon it. Strictly speaking, the bill could not be called a \pr}<pi<Tixa. 
until it received their sanction. See Smith's Die. of Antiq. Art. 
Bov\r). — P. 4, 1. 2. dv^X<«)K€, has lavished, a word descriptive of reckless 
rather than of reasonable expenditure. Some discussion has arisen 
about the augment, as used in Attic, of the past tenses of avaXiaKw 
(see Lobeck's Ajax, 1049). But there seems to be little doubt about 
the true reading here. — 5. i'va [x^Sels, k. t. X., that none of you 
may give me a more prejudiced hearing of the rights which concern this 
indictment, because he has been carried aivay by the pleadings extraneous to 
the case. This is the usual translation, and according to this we must 
understand by the phrase aXXbrpLov aKovew to hear with a judgment not 
one's own, i. e. already imbued with the views of another. Cf. yvad- 
jj.6i(TL yeXoiwv aXXoTploicri, Homer Odyss. xvii. 452, of laughing with 
an expression not one's own, i. e. forced. The comparative adverb 
only adds the sense of more than the average, or more than he would do if 
let alone, -rj-y/m^vos, carried ivith violence, a common meaning of dyw, as 
especially in the phrase cpepew /cat dyeiv. The construction of d/coi/eii> 
with a double genitive (1) of the person, (2) of the thing, as here, is 
somewhat unusual though quite grammatical. The genitive of the 
person could be regarded as limiting the genitive of the thing — my 
just arguments touching the indictment. Compare r& rod Xeyovros vari- 
pov Sinaia, 7. 

10, 11. TO HIS SLANDERS ON MY PRIVATE CHARACTER I REPLY 
FOR THE PRESENT BY APPEALING TO YOUR PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE OF 
ME. I SHALL DEAL WITH HIS IMPUTATIONS ON MY PUBLIC CHARAC- 
TER FIRST. 

10. 8. Xoi8opov(xevos, all his abusive slander. The active and middle 
voices of Xoidopelv are used with very slight difference of meaning : 
strictly the active = to abuse the man; the middle = to get the man 
abused, or abuse him for one's own purposes. So TrXdrretv and irXdr- 
readai. Cf. eirXdrreTo in this same section. — 10. el p.ev 'urre, if you 
know me to be [supply ovra] such a man as the prosecutor just now [im- 
perfect tense] accused me of being — [and you must know me thoroughly 
v, : e\Y]for I have lived nowhere else than among yourselves — do not so much 
as tolerate the sound of my voice, not even if I have with extreme ability 
conducted all my public administration ; but rise from your seats and con- 
demn me at once, cpwvfj is very appropriate here, cpooveiv meaning "to 
6 



122 NOTES. 

speak aloud." "Ava^ 5' 6 Trpe<Tj3vs t68' elire <pwv(bv. ^Esch. Ag. 205. 
Demosthenes says, ' ' Refuse not merely to hear my arguments, but 
even the sound of my voice." There were three methods of silen- 
cing an orator: cvpiTreiv = to hiss him down; expiirTeiv = to hustle 
him off the Bema ; or lastly, as here, to rise from their seats, drop in 
their votes in condemnation of Ctesiphon, and so abruptly terminate 
the trial. — 14. el 8e iroXXw. But if you have conceived and are well 
aware that I myself — ay, and my family too — are far superior to the 
prosecutor, and of a superior descent, and as good (to say nothing beyond 
the mark) as any average individuals. The object of yty vibaKere was 
to have been e/xe alone, /ecu tovs e/xovs is added as an after-thought, 
but too late to alter the singular /3e\W«. It is common, however, in 
such constructions, for the predicate to agree with the nearer or the 
more prominent subject, especially if the predicate precedes. C. 497 ; 
G. 138, N. 2, b; H. 511, h. The word fierpiwv is always of the 
juste milieu: here of fair respectability in character and position. 
vap^x eiv eavrbv fierpcov (iEschin. p. 1, 1. 3). Self-laudation, as bur- 
densome to the hearer, is well described by ewaxdts. ttoXvs fy -rots 
iiralvots ical e7ra%^7?s. iEschin. p. 33, 1. 29. — 11. 21. KaKOTJ0i]s... 
€<5t]0€S <otj0t]s. Here is a triple paronomasia, evrjdes is used sarcasti- 
cally and in a bad sense, as we sometimes use good-natured and well- 
meaning to denote weakness. Jacobs imitates the Greek in German 
by the words, argmiithig . . .gulmiithig ; and we might translate them 
imperfectly thus : ill-natured as you are, you entertained the good-natured 
notion. Paronomasia is not frequent in Demosthenes, but is sometimes 
used with great ingenuity and force. Thus he plays on the name 
of Eubulus : ei kclk&s i/j.£ /3n6\ei iroieiv, EtfjSouXe. — 25. T€TW<{>a>p,ai. / 
am not so blind, literally, so obscured ivith mist (rO0os). Harpocration, 
however, derives Tv<pov<xdai from Tv<f>us, and explains it to be storm- 
struck. Demosthenes combines it with naivecrdau (p. 409, 1. 11), and 
with Xrjpeiv (p. 116, 1. 6) : he contrasts it with o.-kigto.v (p. 682, 1. 6). 
The prevailing idea of the verb is therefore blind folly. — 26. inrcp twv 
7r€iroXiT€V|i€Vft)v. The difference in meaning between vwep and irepl is 
slight in the Attic orators. The sense of concerning is common to both, 
the sense of defending is limited to virep. Probably this latter sense 
may have risen from the fact of the hero in the field of battle stand- 
ing over his prostrate friend to protect him from the enemy's assault. 
— 27. irofi/rrelas. Language fit only for a Dionysiac procession 
(Harpocr. ). A specimen will be found in Aristoph. Ranae, 416 sqq. 



NOTES. 123 

Translate : ribaldry which has been so profusely indulged in. — P. 5, 
1. 1. &v povXojxe'vois g, if it be the wish of the assembly; otherwise 
it is not worth while. On this Dative of Relation, see Madvig, Gr. 
S. § 38. d. ; C. 459, N. ; Cu. 435 ; G. 184, N. 6 j H. 601, a. 

12-16. In prosecuting Ctesiphon, ^Eschines has laid the 
gravest charges against myself ; but, though he has done so 

WITH THE UTMOST MALICE, YET HE HAS NOT AFFORDED THE STATE 
AN OPPORTUNITY TO VISIT ME WITH JUST PUNISHMENT. THAT 
COULD ONLY HAVE BEEN ACCOMPLISHED BY A FAIR TRIAL IN WHICH 
I SHOULD MYSELF HAVE BEEN THE DEFENDANT. iEsCHINES OUGHT 
TO HAVE BROUGHT ACTIONS AGAINST ME, IN A LEGAL FORM, AT THE 
VERY TIME OF EACH ALLEGED OFFENCE. If THESE OFFENCES OF 
MINE WERE GRAVE ENOUGH TO SUPPLY MATERIALS FOR THE PRESENT 
.CHARGE AGAINST CTESIPHON, a fortiori I OUGHT MYSELF TO HAVE 
BEEN INDICTED FOR COMMITTING THEM. 

An immense amount of valuable criticism has been expended on 
this passage. After carefully weighing the whole of it, I extract the 
above as the best solution. But none of the editors state distinctly 
what appears to me the gist of the argument. iEschines, the orator 
contends, is grossly in the wrong, for two reasons, (1) because his ac- 
cusation is malicious, (2) because it is futile for purposes of justice. 
His accusation is (1) malicious, for he puts me into a position where 
I cannot come forward to plead in my own defence. His accusation 
is (2) futile, for he never indicted me when I was committing the 
offences, and the time for legal punishment has long gone by. Ter- 
rible as the crimes may be with which I am charged, the state can do 
nothing now to inflict an adequate penalty. Most of the editors 
seem to consider the whole passage, 12, 13, as obscure and involved 
in point of language. But there is no just reason for so pronouncing. 
Only to understand the construction of the sentences the reader must 
bear in mind their exact sequence and mutual relation. r& fiev k<xtt)- 
yopT)/j.eva stands in antithesis to the concessive sentence introduced by 
tov 8e irapovTos. The protasis of this concessive sentence is headed 
by exdpov /xiv, the apodosis of it by t&v fieuroi Kar-qyoptCov. To the 
protasis refer the words which follow from ov yap to 'Adrjvaioi : to the 
apodosis refer the words from dAA' £(f> ols to ypacpo/xevov. He is wrong, 
says the orator, both ways, for he ought not to have done what he 
has done, but he ought to have done what he has left undone. aXKd 
is clearly the natural particle to link these two clauses together. 



124 * NOTES. 

12. Now the accusations he has brought are many and serious; and for 
some of them the laws assign heavy — ay, the extreme — penalties; but 
although the very principle of the present trial implies at once an enemy's 
malice and violence and abuse and insult and everything else of the kind, 
yet for the charges and accusations which have been laid (if indeed they 
were true) it is not in the power of the state to inflict an adequate penalty, 
or in fact anything like it. — P. 5, 1. 5. irpoa(,p€<ris = the deliberate moral 
choice by which the prosecutor selected his process of action ; its in- 
tense maliciousness appeared (1) in the virulence of the accusations 
against Demosthenes ; (2) in the indirect mode of attack which was 
designed to exclude Demosthenes himself from a personal hearing. — 
6. cuittj. This reading appears the best, although avr-n is found in 2 
and some other MSS. — 8. |j^vtoi. The particle /nevroi is always ad- 
versative, and in antithesis to p\h is far stronger than be, indeed 
almost as strong as aXka. — 13. For he must not deprive one of access to 
the commons and a fair hearing ; still less must he do so in a style of malice 
and envy : no, indeed, gentlemen of Athens, it is neither proper nor constitu- 
tional nor just : but [here supply fdei from the 8e? preceding] his duty was 
in whatever cases he saw me injuring the state (especially supposing them to be 
so monstrous as he was just now ranting about and reciting),to take advantage 
of the legal penalties at the very moment when the said offences were commit- 
ted ; if lie saw me commit what deserved impeachment, impeaching me, and 
bringing me in that manner to trial before your court. ; or if he saw me propos- 
ing unconstitutional measures, indicting me for unconstitutional conduct. For 
it is not possible, I presume, that he should prosecute Ctesiphon now on my 
account, and yet have foreborne to prosecute myself, had he thought he could 
secure a conviction. — 11. irpcxreXGeiv tw Stjjxu) simply means, in con- 
nection with the context, to be placed in the official position of de- 
fendant. In \6yov rvxew, to get a speaking, we have a suggestive 
contrast with our own idiom, to get a hearing. At the beginning of 
iEschin. de F. L. we- find this phrase immediately followed by airoXo- 
yias tvx&v. — 12. Ta£«.. More strictly, position, but a word of such 
various uses must be rendered according to its collocation, h ixOpov 
T&£ei (p. 481, 1. 21), in the quality of. r?> rod <tv/ul(3ov'\ov tol^lv (p. 
292, 1. 14), the province ox part of. In erpaycpdeL there is not only 
a general allusion to the pompous declamation of the theatre, but a 
tacit reference to the former profession of iEschines as an actor. ' The 
more frequent taunt is rpir ay wvktt<uv, as in this speech, p. 314, 1. 
12, etc., bie^Uvai., in the sense of reciting, is an apt combination. 



NOTES. 125 

iEschin. p. 75, 1. 35. — 17. imp' avTa. The time of accusation being 
exactly parallel to the time when the offences were committed, irapd 
Kcupovs (p. 470, 1. 12), irapd x°P r fi' t - a - v (P- 514, 1. 8), etc. — 18. cicra-y- 
yekia may he rendered by our word impeachment, but strictly means a 
public prosecution for some offence which legislation has omitted to 
notice, and for which, in consequence, no penalty is specified. — 20. 
irapdvojia consisted in proposing a i/^c/nc^ta, which would violate 
either the letter or spirit of any existing law. We have no exact 
equivalent for it, but unconstitutional is nearer the meaning than illegal. 
A fuller explanation of these and other judicial words may be found 
in Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities. — 14. 23. ko.1 (jufjv, and really: 
often wrongly translated moreover, jx-nv is the strongest asseverative 
particle, like the colloquial use of I declare hr English. In the for- 
mula tj /x-nv this sense is particularly prominent ; also in Greek Tra- 
gedy, where a new character enters and is introduced by the chorus. 
In que.stions and negatives fxrjv is hardly translatable, but adds the 
strongest possible emphasis to the word which immediately precedes 
it. — 25. clo-l vdjxoi. Here we must observe, as Dissen suggests, the 
contrast between the dy Coves dri/x-nroi and the dyOves tcjxtjtoL : in the 
former case the laws themselves directed the nature and degree of 
punishment to be inflicted on the guilty ; in the latter it was at the 
discretion of the jury to assign whatever penalty they thought proper ; 
rt/xupiat, penalties appointed by law, refer to the drt'^rot ; dyCives ko.1 
Kpicreis refer to the ti/xtjtoi; and the phrase rd,7rtrt«ta, punishments, 
applies equally to a verdict affecting purse or person under either 
form of trial. — P. 6, 1. 2. tois irpbs h\ii = the provisions applicable to 
my case. — a^oKo-yetTO &v. Would have been consistent with. A simi- 
lar use of the active voice, 6/xoXoyeTv, is found in Antiph. de Chor. p. 
145. rots XoyoLS roi/s [xdprvpas o/xoXoyovvras /cat rots [idprvaiv ra epya. 
— 15. 4. tovs irap' avTa...4\€"yx.ovs. The inquiries at the time of the 
deeds themselves. eXeyxovs is to be taken in emphatic contrast with 
cartas /cat o~/ct6«yaara /cat XocSoplas ; also 7rap' aura ret irpdyp-ara with 
Toaovrovs vcrrepov XP^ V0 ^- Avoiding the inquiries proper at the time, he 
has brought together heaps of accusations and scoffings and revilings 
long afterwards. — 7. viroKptveTcn. He is playing his part. Vid. sup. 
13, eTpa-yioSgi. Not very far from our own idea of hypocrisy : his con- 
duct is underhand and dishonest ; he* plays the part of Ctesiphon's 
accuser, being really mine. — Kpivet tovtovl. Brings my client her; 
to trial. Kpivu in its most technical sense, of the prosecutor entailin 



126 NOTES. 

Kpiais on the defendant. So c. Mid. p. 581, 1. 13, etc. — 9. irpotorra- 
tcu. He jnakes the prominent feature of the trial. A rare use of irpo'C- 
CTdvai. To put in front is, of course, the literal meaning, but the 
classical writers generally use it of putting in front, as a screen, or a 
champion. — dirr]VTr]Kws. Having never faced me on this ground. 
d-n-avTav of encountering an adversary point blank, and iiri of the 
ground selected for the combat. Dissen cites the c. Mid. p. 563, iiri 
ravra 5e dirrjvTwv ws rfKunev ijdr}. — 10. ri\v kripov . . .^taiverai. He is 
clearly seen to be seeking to take away the civil rights of another, iiriTi/mla 
is the opposite of aTi/xta in its civil sense. See Diet, of Antiq. If 
Ctesiphon were cast in the suit he would have a fine inflicted upon 
him, and until this fine were paid he would be a public debtor and 
consequently drifios. iEschines had laid the damages at the enormous 
sum of fifty talents. — 16. 15. ^€Ta<rp.6v. According to some gram- 
marians this is not a pure Attic form. Certainly e^rao-tj is the usual 
word, and i^eraa-fxds does not occur elsewhere except in Plutarch. 
But Dissen marks the true distinction : i^Taa/xou iroielo-dai, discep- 
tare, de litigantibus, at iroieTp i^iraaiv judicum est, cf. 226 : t&v 
ireiro\iTevp,ivwv e^iracrcv voirjcreiv vfj.ds. — 17. kripta 8tw. Either by 
attraction for erepov Srcp, or else an indirect question : to seek what 
other person we can do a mischief to. The former is the usual interpre- 
tation. 

17. I DENOUNCE THE WHOLE ACCUSATION AS FALSE ; BUT I SHALL 
ALSO EXPOSE ITS FALSEHOOD IN DETAIL. I MUST THEREFORE RE- 
MIND YOU OF THE HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES. 

20. eir dXtjOetas ov8€|xids. Nor with any truth whatever. The 
sense of iiri is (1) superposition: and hence (2) intimate connection. 
When the accusative follows iiri, moving towards that connection is 
implied ; when the dative, resting in that connection ; when the geni- 
tive, being in that connection and yet separate. This complex notion 
is due to the fact, that separation is one essential force belonging to 
the genitive case. So a ship is i-rr dyKtipas, connected with an anchor 
but separated from it by the cable : a rider is i(f> twirov, for there is no 
material union between the man and his horse. Yet in this last, and 
in many other instances, the dative might be put for the genitive with 
only a slight distinction of meaning. The distinction may be stated 
thus. When two objects are 'heterogeneous, capable of being joined 
together but incapable of coalescing, then, if the writer wishes to 
impress on the reader the idea of their close union, he puts the dative 



NOTES. 127 

after ivi, if he does not wish to impress that idea hut yet to state 
their connection, he puts the genitive, i-jrl yijs is on (and above) the 
surface of the earth ; it is opposed to virb yyjs (Soph. 0: T. 416) : but 
eirl rrj x^P a is in the countiy . "With nouns representing the ab< iract 
(e. g. aXydeias) the genitive is peculiarly appropriate. — 21. ko.0' 'iv. 
To be taken adverbially. There is a valuable note on this use of /caret 
in Buttmann's Midias (Index, s. v.). He points out that such ex- 
pressions are generally adverbial, but observes that Kara, in many 
cases, coalesces entirely with the accusative which follows it, so as to 
be treated as a noun for purposes of construction. 6 fiev ddpoovs 
TreldeL 6 8e Kad' eVct, Plat. Ale. I. 22 ; avreaxop-ev irpbs re a^irauras Kal 
ko.6' exdo-rovs, Thucyd. II. 61. Cf. Herod. II. 93.-24. <i>i\oKpd- 
tovs. A politician of some prominence at the close of the Olynthian 
war. His name recurs again and again in the rival speeches of the 
orator and ^Eschines, each of them disclaiming complicity with him 
and imputing such complicity to the other ; 6 ads, Aiax<-vy, kolvwvos, 
ovx o i/x6s (inf. 21). Philocrates, in the year 348, proposed that 
Philip should be allowed to send envoys to Athens, and to treat of 
peace. For this a charge of irapdvofia was laid against him, and, as 
he was too ill to speak for himself, Demosthenes addressed the assem- 
bly in his defence. In the year 347 Philocrates proposed to send 
envoys to Philip for a peace negotiation, and named Demosthenes as 
one of them. See Introduction, II. In 346, on the famous 18th of 
Elaphebolion (inf. koivov <rw«:8piov, 22), it was Pbilocrates who advo- 
cated peace and alliance with Macedon. This policy proving a dis- 
grace to Athens, H3 T perides impeached him shortly after, and he fled 
into exile sooner than face a trial. They condemned him in his 
absence. It is clear that he was bribed by Philip and made an 
ostentatious display of the money so acquired. — 26. icar ckcivovs. 
Throughout the course of that period: Kara, always of motion along (or 
guidance by) a delinite line, moral or material. The accusative which 
follows Kara describes the whole of that line's direction, the genitive 
denotes its starting or finishing point. When this genitive marks the 
finishing point, hostility is usually implied. — 27. -rrpds. With an 
eye to the subsisting crisis: irpos, as distinguished from Kara, is suggestive 
of a mark or goal, rather than of the line which leads to it. irpbs 
followed by the accusative = acting with that goal or mark in view ; by 
the dative = having reached the goal and remaining there; by the 
genitive (case of separation, as before) = being at the goal and taking 
action from it. 



128 NOTES. 

18-24. Let me recall to your minds the history of the 
years 357 to 346; the dissensions of Greece, and Philip's 
advantages therein. Peace was concluded through the 
treachery of ieschines and his party. i, at least, had 

NOTHING TO DO WITH IT. If IT WAS my DOING, WHY DID THEY NOT 
DENOUNCE ME AT THE TIME ? 

18. P. 7, 1. 1. tqv ^toKiKov. Introduction, II. — q-vo-t&vtos. Hav- 
ing been set in operation, avvicrravai. is to organize either for good or 
evil. The orator wishes to impute external agency, originating in 
Macedon or at Athens, as the prime cause of the Phocian outbreak. 

— 2. liroXiT6\)dp,T)v. Had not yet engaged in politics: lit. was not yet, 
at that time, administering Hie government. The definite ovirco gives to 
the imperfect the force of a pluperfect. This use of TroXiTetiecrdai. is 
suggestive : the ideal citizen was to take an active part in administra- 
tion. — t6t€. His earliest public speeches were adv. Leptin. and c. 
Androt. spoken in 355, that is, two years after the beginning of the 
Phocian war. His earliest political speech, de Symmoriis, was in 354. 

— 4. <rto0T]vai. To hold tlieir own. We could not wish them victory, 
their cause being a wrong one, but only a safe issue under compromise. 

— ov Sisiaia. Anything but right: the common figure meiosis ; so im- 
mediately below, ovk akbym, ov [leTpioos, and passim. — ttoioOvtcis. 
i. e. in the whole of their policy. Dindorf refers this remark to their 
plunder of the Delphic treasury in particular. But if the orator had 
meant to imply such a special instance of wrong-doing, he would 
surely have written iroirjo-avTas. — 5. €<|>T]<r0i}vcu. Like eirLxaipetv, 
always of malicious joy. This tone of Athenian feeling towards 
Thebes is illustrated throughout the adv. Leptin. Observe the force 
of &v=you would have been delighted at On the participial construc- 
tion .in Greek where other languages would employ a substantival 
sentence cf. C. 677 ; Cu. 592 ; H. 800 ; Madv. GL S. 174 b. — 7. 
AevKrpois. The Sacred or Phocian war commenced fourteen years 
after the date of this battle, and five years after the date of Mantinea. 
eKexpyvro refers to the period between Leuctra and Mantinea, during 
which the Thebans retained their supremacy in Greece, and made 
their four, consecutive invasions of the Peloponnesus, oh dative by 
attraction, ev is the regular preposition to denote the place of a 
battle. — 8. 8ieio-nfJK€t. Was eternally divided. They had become 
completely divided, and hence were perpetually in that state. — 9. ol 
jjuo-ovvtcs. These, as Pausanias informs us (4. 28), were the Mes- 



NOTES. 129 

senians with the Argives and Arcadians, who all looked to Athens 
for aid and alliance. — 10. ol irpoTepov. At the close of the Pelo- 
ponnesian war the Lacedaemonians established a council of oligarchs 
in every Greek city where the step was practicable, the said council 
(8ei<apx<-a) consisting of ten members (ap/jLoarai) chosen from among 
such of the inhabitants as favored the supremacy of Lacedsemon. 
Their tyranny in the several states appears to have been unlimited. 
Xen. Hellenic. III., 5. 13'. ; Isocr. Panath., p. 239. They were all put 
down immediately after the Lacedaemonian defeat at Leuctra. — 12. 
&KpiTos. Promiscuous, i. e. involving infinite complications and com- 
binations. The various meanings of ct/cptro? all trace back to the 
primary derivation, that which cannot be separately distinguished. Wins- 
ton refers, by way of illustration, to th.e Homeric usage of this word 
in fjiddoL aKpLTOL, endless words, and &x €a ct/cptra, interminable sorrows. 
• — 19. 14. ov...a<j>avT]. Anything but hard to perceive. Another in- 
stance of meiosis. — irpoSoTais. The alleged traitors in each state 
are speciiied by name in 295. Some of them, as Bremi observes, 
were probably conciliated by Philip's courtesy, and their own an- 
tagonism to the democracy; not by pecuniary bribes. — 14-16. 
to is irap' eKdo-TOis...eT&paTT€V. By lavishing money on the traitors in 
the several states, he teas embroiling them all and stirring them up against 
each other. The imperfects suggest the sustained and gradual progress 
of Philip's intrigues. For clvtoijs some MSS. read aWrjXovs, probably 
a correction. Tbe reflexive pronoun, in all the best authors, is occa- 
sionally used as a synonyme of the reciprocal. e/cdtTTots and wavras 
are in emphatic antithesis. — 16. iv ois .^[JidpTavov. By the mistakes 
and misjudgments of others he was making his own preparations, and fos- 
tering his growth to the ruin of all. iv of cause or means, the ground on 
which he took his stand, and the depot from which he drew his ma- 
terials. aXXoL, those who were not treacherous but merely ill-advised, 
distinct from irpodSrais. Kara, of hostility, is like our colloquial 
phrase to come down upon. See 17, note kcit iiceivovs, end. — 18. ™ 
|AT|K€i tov iro\e'fj.ov. The war lasted nine years. — 19. vCv 8' drvxeis. 
An obvious allusion to the destruction of Thebes by Alexander, five 
years before this speech Avas delivered. — 20. Karafyevyav. The 
Theban alliance with Athens did not really take place till Philip 
seized Elatea, nearly nineteen years after the time the orator refers 
to. ws = as, or since, cjxxvepol.. dva-YKao-GT]cro[Ji€vci personal for imper- 
sonal construction = it was manifest to all that they would soon be compelled, 
6* I 



130 NOTES. 

C. 573, c ; Cu. 571 ; G. 280 ; H. 771. — 23. liri]YY€&aTO. Made 
proffers of. eirayyeXXevdai denotes publicity with a view to some 
definite effect or cause. Hence it includes the meanings "to com- 
mand," "to denounce," "to promise," "to make a profession." — 
20. 23. ti olv. What then co-operated with him to catch you in a state 
of almost wilful deception? dXlyov 5e?v qualifies i-Kovras only : the force 
of the imperfect participle {eZairaTuix&ovs) reminds them that their 
state of deception had been chronic. As regards the construction of 
oXiyov deiv, the oXiyov is the natural genitive following a verb of pri- 
vation, and Sew is a substantival infinitive used adverbially in the 
accusative case (like apxnv, rtXos, irpoUa, k. t. X.): this accusative is 
closely akin to the accusative of Eelation. C. 665 ; H. 575, a. — 25. 
tj twv dXXuv. The article agrees with a feminine nominative implied 
in el're... et7reZV. The cowardice, ought I to call it, or the ignorance. So 
i] bpLeripa, ei're xph (piXavOpuiriau Xeyeiv, eld' otl 8rj7TOTe, c. Aristoc. p. 
671 (fin.). — 27. itoXcjaov refers to the whole period between the 
capture of Amphipolis by Philip in the year 358 and the peace which 
was concluded in 346. The expenses of the war are estimated by 
JEschines at 1500 talents (de F. L., p. 37). — P. 8, 1. 2. <rt&jjiacriv. 
Troops; soldiers regarded as so many "head." Our own use of 
"person" is somewhat analogous. Whiston aptly cites ra eXetidepa 
cribfjuxra dcprJKe Avcravdpos. Xen. Hell. II., 1, 20. — 5. vtn\KOV(rari. 
Lent an ear: "acquiescence" is meant, not "subjection." <rvyxupri&e'i<ra, 
afterwards, implies a concession involving sacrifices. — 8. kv civttj. 
From the year 346 to 338. See Introduction, II. — TrpcvyuaTttv. 
Troubles : the constant Attic euphemism, especially when speaking of 
litigation. — 10. vir^p ttjs d\i]0€ias,^or the sake of the truth, not be- 
cause they concern me at all, as he proceeds to argue. aKpif3oX.oYoCti.cu 
Kal 8ief;6pxo(«H = / am stating accurately and rehearsing at length. — 21. 
11. t& [idXicrra. Ever so much: another adverbial accusative : = 
granting the condition to be fulfilled at its maximum. The addition 
of rb, /jL&Xio-Ta invariably converts a conditional sentence into a con- 
cessive. — 13. 8^irov. I presume, as ttov is I think, dy always sig- 
nifies in truth, and its compounds retain that essential meaning 
whether seriously or ironically. So 8rjdev (always ironical), forsooth, 
6're 5-r), when actually, i. e. the moment when, eirecdrj, since in fact, 
etc. — 14. 'Apio-T68T]p.os. A famous tragic actor highly esteemed by 
Philip, and intrusted by the state with a sort of roving commission 
to inquire Philip's probable policy, when visiting Macedonia on a 



NOTES. 131 

professional tour. iEschin. de F. L., p. 49. Dem. de F. L., pp. 344, 
371, 442. Cf. Cic. de Repub. IV., 11. —6 8' iKSe^djievos Kal Ypd^/as, 

the person who seconded him and drew up the resolution, fierb. toijtov. 
With iEschines, cf. odros above, 20. — 16. 'A-yvovo-ios. Hagnus was 
the name of the deme to which Philocrates (17, note) belonged. It 
was originally written with a smooth breathing, as if derived from 
the plant dyuos (dyovos), the agnus castus. See Vomel, Prolegom., 144 ; 
Smith's Die. of Antiq. and Die. of Geog. — 17. ov\ 6 e|xds. Up to 
,the close of 347 the orator seems to have been at least on good terms 
with Philocrates, though their policy was not at any time identical. 
Philocrates was always proposing and advocating peace negotiations 
in Philip's interest. Demosthenes, whenever he assented to these 
negotiations, did so under a sense of stern political necessity; for 
instance, when it became imperative to rescue the prisoners on the 
capture of Olynthus. After the beginning of 346 the policy of Phi- 
locrates was yet more decidedly opposite to that of the orator. The 
statement of iEsehines (de F. L., p. 30, c. Ctes., p. 64) that the two 
were acting in concert is totally inconsistent with historical facts on 
record. — 19. EtfpovXos. Of the deme Anaphlystus, the orator and 
demagogue who supported Midias against Demosthenes. Not to be 
confounded with the comic poet, whose deme was the Cettian. — 
— Kt]<|)wro<{)(Sv. Named in the psephisma 29 as one of the ambassadors 
sent to Philip. "Cephisophon supported iEschines in the accusation 
against Ctesiphon." Whiston. — l-yw 8' otiSev ov8ap.o0. It has 
been the fashion to stigmatize this statement as a deliberate false- 
hood on the orator's part ; but, I think, most unjustly. He is refer- 
ring only to the peace of the year 346 ; at least, his language commits 
him to nothing further ; and in all the discussions of that period we 
cannot find, from historical records, that the orator ever declared him- 
self in favor of the peace proposed by Philocrates. He expressly denies 
having done so (de F. L., pp. 345, 346). The only evidence that he 
did is the assertion of iEschines (c. Ctesiph., p. 64) that Demosthenes 
delivered an oration in support of Philocrates on the day of the 
second assembly. Little credit need be attached to this in any case ; 
but iEschines himself (de F. L., p. 36) quotes a i/^ur/m to prove that, 
on that second day of the assembly, no speaking was allowed and nothing 
transacted but voting. See Grote. — 22. 20, \21. toutg>v...8€i.kvu}j.€- 
vwv ; Although these things are so, and shown to be so by the truth itself, 
tirl = on the basis of. — 22. dpcu As it seems : the lightest of infer- 



132 NOTES. 

ential particles implying a sequence and connection, but only a slight 
one, whether temporal or logical. It frequently, as here, suggests 
irony = forsooth. — 23. ci'iItios. The guilty cause. There are two heads 
of the accusation : (1) making peace, (2) making peace for Athens 
independently. Kai^also. On the nominative case see Mad v. Gr. S. 
161 ; C. 667 ; Cu. 570 ; G. 136, N. 2 ; H. 775. — 24. koLvov o-vve- 
Spiov. A general synod met at Athens, formed of representatives from 
each of the confederate states. The orator touches here on the much- 
vexed question, reproduced again and again in the speeches of him- 
self and iEschines, as to the policy they advocated respectively, on 
the 18th and 19th of Elaphebolion (approximately the end of March), 
in the year 346, Immediately after the fall of Olynthus, in the 
spring of 347, Athens had sent envoys to all the eligible Grecian 
states, urging them to join in their own negotiations with Philip, 
and to take the result, whether peace or war. In the spring of 346 
the general synod were sitting to receive the report of these envoys. ' 
"What actually passed at the sitting has not been put on record, but . 
we can deduce from the conflicting orations : (1) that some of the 
envoys had returned, but many were still absent ; (2) that the synod 
passed a resolution recommending that two eK/cX-no-Lcu be convened im- 
mediately on the return of all the envoys, and that the subject of peace be 
then and there debated. This recommendation of the confederate 
Synod was accepted, but only in part. The two assemblies (already 
mentioned) were held on the 18th and 19th of Elaphebolion, and the 
question of peace was fully discussed. But this was done without wait- 
ing for the return of the absent envoys. — 25. ftr w — ti. Then you — by 
ivhai name could one rightly call you; that is, what name can I find that is 
bad enough for you. — 26. &ttiv, when and where was it that YOU, being 
present and seeing me robbing the state of so important a negotiation and 
alliance as you were just now rehearsing, expressed indignation or came 
forward and made known and explained what you now charge me with. 
irpa£is K<xi avfji.fji.axla- is on no account to be taken as a hendiadys ; the 
former word generalizes what the latter specifies, and irpa£is simply 
means negotiation. The emphasis on at must be carefully preserved. 
The Trapa- in 7rapfyxe<r0cu is suggestive : in all the ancient assemblies 
the speakers were required to address the meeting from a raised plat- 
form or pulpit ; in passing to it from their seat they would move 
before or alongside of their audience. — 23. P. 9, 1. 3, 4. €i...cir€irpd- 
k«iv e-yw ^iXiirirw, if I had sold to Philip the preventing, etc., that is, 



NOTES. 133 

if I had been bought (bribed) by Philip to prevent, etc. Observe the em- 
phatic juxtaposition of iyu and QLKLirircg. — 5. Xoiirbv -rjv. You had 
still the opportunity. This throws an emphasis on the pluperfect iire- 
irp&Keiv. — 6. toivw. Well then. The particle is much stronger than 
dpa, and almost as strong as odv. Both odv and to'lvvv are distinctly 
transitional, as well as being illative. It resembles now then in col- 
loquial English. As regards etymology, odv=eov, epic neut. part, of 
dpi, in the ace. abs. (quce quum ita sint). — 8. cikotcos. And naturally 
so. To render the force of this favorite adverb a separate sentence is 
indispensable. — 9. totc. " Demosthenes intimates that envoj^s had 
been sent previously, viz., just after the fall of Olynthus, to invite the 
other Greeks to form a confederacy against Philip. He denies that 
any such embassy was sent out while 'the peace' was negotiating, 
and in this he seems. to speak the truth." Grote, XL, 508 (Eng. ed.). 
Whiston ; cf. 22, note koivov avvedplov. — 10. ef;€\T]X.€"y|i€voi. Thor- 
oughly tested, and proved unwilling to unite with Athens against 
Philip. e£-, in composition, of intensity. The perf. passive of 
e\e7%w has always the double reduplication. — 24. 14. avrol. Your- 
selves, avros and its cases, when used emphatically, are placed in a 
prominent part of the sentence (e. g. the beginning); or else have /ecu 
prefixed as an intensive. The force of dfia is better expressed with 
avToi, while at the same time you yourselves. — 15. Evpv|3dTOv. On the 
rather uncertain authority of Ephorus (the historian of Cumas) we 
are told that Eurybatus was a citizen of Ephesus, who received money 
from Croesus to raise troops for his war with the Persians, and then 
deserted to the camp of Cyrus. The same name appears to have been 
borne by one of the Cercopes (fire-diviners). See Lobeck, Aglaoph. 
2, p. 1306. In either case the Scholiasts ' are safe in taking the per- 
son mentioned as a type of 7017s, /cX^7ttt?s, iravovpyos. Cf. iEsch. c. 
Ctesiph., p. 71. — 17. ti -yap ical (BovXdfievcn. For with what intent after 
all? — 18. tovtw t(3 Kcupw. I understand the orator to mean, by 
this crisis, the date of those two meetings on the recommendation of 
the Synod. The mission of the envoys having, by then, been proved 
a complete failure, Athens might be said to have abandoned her task 
of soliciting the Grecian states with her embassies. Why, asks the 
orator, should she have resumed it, and for what end should she have 
asked the states to co-operate ? For peace ? Nay, but the other states 
were enjoying that; Athens alone had need of it. For war? Nay, 
but all idea or possibility of war was over, and peace was the only 



134 NOTES. 

question. In this instance, as in the ey<l> 5' ov8ev ofiSa/Aov (21, note, 
s. v.), the orator could justify his statement as virtually true, if not 
literally. — 21. e£ apx^S. The original peace of the year 346 is dis- 
tinguished by this epithet from the peace which followed Cheeronea. 
— ov&' atrios. Nor in any way responsible. otfre.. .oi/'re are co-ordinate, 
while ovde is subordinate and emphatic. C. 701, c ; Cu. 625, Obs. ; 
H. 858, b. — Tj-ye|A(i!>v. All that the orator denies is the fact of his 
taking a prominent part in the peace proposals of Philocrates (c. 
Ctesiph., p. 62, 63) ; he does not say that he opposed peace in the ab- 
stract, but only that he neither originated nor supported the peace 
which was actually made. When the public assembly had agreed to 
accept it, he did his utmost to make the best of a bad bargain, but 
that by no means committed him to having approved the measure. 

25 - 28. Compare my political conduct with that of my ac- 
cusers, AT THE TIME WHEN THE CITY HAD DECIDED ON PEACE. 

"When the oaths had been taken by us and our allies, I pro* 

POSED A DECREE TO ACCELERATE THE DEPARTURE OF OUR OWN DELE- 
GATES, WHO WERE TO ADMINISTER THE OATHS TO PHILIP. iEsCHINES 
IGNORES this DECREE, AND ASSAILS ME ABOUT ANOTHER WHICH WAS 
MERELY TRIVIAL, REFERRING TO THE RECEPTION OF THE MACE- 
DONIAN DELEGATES AT ATHENS. 

25. 24. €iroiT]<raTo = made on her own part; the middle iroteicrdou 
having here a fuller sense than it usually has in connection with elp-q- 
v-nv. On Philip's part, as the context shows us, peace was not yet 
concluded. — 25. o-K€\|/a<r0€. In the imperative mood the sole force 
of the aorist, as contrasted with the present, is to indicate a single 
and complete act instead of a protracted and continuous process. In 
the subjunctive, optative, and infinitive moods the aorist- sometimes 
exhibits this same difference from the present ; at other times it re- 
tains its natural force as a preterite. — P. 10, 1. 2. £ypcu[/a [3ov\€iW. 
Moved a resolution, being a member of the Council. On the 25th of Ela- 
phebolion the oaths of peace and alliance were administered, to 
Athens and all her allies, by Antipater, as Philip's delegate. It was 
now essential for Athens herself to send delegates with all speed, and 
administer the same oath to Philip. Yet for 7 days nothing was 
done ; on the 8th day (Munychion the 3d) a resolution, that dele- 
gates should start at once, was proposed by Demosthenes, as he alleges 
here. iEschines admits it was proposed that day, but does not men- 
tion by whom (de F. L., p. 40, 1. 28 sq.). According to Demosthenes 



NOTES. 135 

{de F. L., p. 390) the delegates on leaving Athens went and stopped 
at Oreus in Euboea, and wasted many days there before they started 
for Macedonia. The} r were fifty days altogether before they achieved 
the interview with Philip at Pella. This explains the sequel, tfBrot... 
7)Q<E\r)<rav. — 4. tovs op«ovs diroXafiPdveiv, to receive the oaths in 
return {airb). — 26. 6. 48vvcito. Id quo valebat? Of what avail were 
this? (Vomel.) — 8. tcov opioov. The oaths on the Athenian part 
and the oaths on the Macedonian. The genitive dependent on any 
word of interval (like /xera^u) specifies the two extreme points be- 
tween which the interval lies ; or one such extreme point, the men- 
tion of the other being unnecessary because implied by the context. 
Cf. the parallel passage de F. L., p. 393, 181, tov fiera^v xp ovov T °v 
tovs opKovs aToXafietv, where one extremity alone is named, the ob- 
taining Philip's attestation. — 11. cf-eXvo-acrGe. The active voice is 
more usual in the sense of breaking up. e^eXvcrare is the reading of 
2 here. But the middle voice gives the better additional sense, on 
your own part and in your own armaments. — 13. cirpa"Y|A,aT€V€TO. Was 
making this his chief concern. The verb is always of laborious and sys- 
tematic effort, never transitive, though frequently constructed with a 
cognate accusative. — 14. tt)s irdXstos. Possessive genitive depend- 
ing on 6'cra. The state might be said to possess these places in Thrace, 
as the Thracians were their allies [Bremi]. The optative 7rpoXd/3ot 
(prceoccuparet) is due to the oratio obliqua. — 27.16. irpoopwp.€VOs. 
An historic present, as is also ypd<pco which follows. Hence followed 
by the final clause tva yiyvoivro, although ev oh &i> $) would strictly 
belong to the present time ; but this is an instance of the common 
Greek idiom which sacrifices grammar for the sake of vivid and 
graphic delineation in the subordinate clause. — 21. 8i«rvpe. Was 
pulling to pieces, diaav'peiv (always metaphorical) denotes sarcastic 
ridicule. Cf. ^Eschin. c. Ctesiph., p. 65, 1. 37, odros tanv 6 irpwros 
e&vpwu Xeppiov retxos /cat MvpTi(TK7)v Kal'Epyi<TK7)v...xupt-a &v otide to. 
ovofiara iJ8eip.ev irpbrepov, where the perversion of the names is of 
course intentional. — 22. Seppeiov. Herod. VII., 59, Livy XXXI., 
16. Myrtenus is only found in this passage. Ergiske in De Halon., 
p. 85. They were all, apparently, places on the sea-coast of Thrace, 
and hence important to Philip as opening the way for his acquisitions 
in that quarter. The article seems to be prefixed to these names here 
because iEschines had spoken contemptuously of them. Cf. Phil. 
III., 16, where Xeppeiov occurs without the article. —22. ovt« = under 



136 NOTES. 

these circumstances and no others. 7, end. Madvig., 175 a. — 24. 
c-TiKcupous. Cf. &v to fikv iiriKaiporaTov x&P l0V npos ra erri QpaKrjs 
4irixpv<r0<H' Thucyd., I., 68. — 25. xpr\p6.T<av. Dissen refers this 
to the 'gold mines of Crenides, afterwards called Philippi, from which 
Philip, when he got possession of them, managed to obtain more than 
a thousand talents annually. — iroWwv |X€V... , iro\Xwv Se, an abundant 
supply both of money and of men. — 26. Ik tovtwv, from these, as source 
and means. —28. P. 11, 1. 1. el. We should rather expect this 
object-sentence to be introduced by on, but the use of el, instead, is 
common after verbs expressing disapprobation. But that I, being 
on the Council, thought proper to introduce the embassadors, sc. into 
the theatre, as was customary at Athens, this is a matter he taunts 
me about. — 3. 4x.P' i l v - Ought to have: strictly imperfect: it was 
right to do it, but it was not done. —4. p.rj. To be taken closely 
Avith irpoadyeiv, yp&xj/ai preceding = ought I to have moved not to intro- 
duce. This is obvious from the p,r] KaraveTp-ai of the next clause. — ■ 
5. SiaXexGwo-iv. On the subjunctive after the historic tenses, see 
Madv., 131 b, and note on 27, irpoopwfxevos. C. 653; Cu. 531 b; 
G. 216, 2 ; H. 740. — apxtTCK-rova. The person who hired the theatre 
from the state, kept it in order and repair, and took the profits of the 
admission payments : analogous to our "lessee." He was also called 
6eaTpwvr)s and dearpoirdaX-qs. — 0eav KaTaveijxai, to assign them seats, liter- 
ally (like Xbyov diddvai, 13), to allow them a seeing : Qkav KaraXapi.j3dveiv 
is the correlative expression, c. Mid. 572. — 6. toiv 8voiv = the un- 
reserved places, literally, in the two oboli seats. The price is put for 
the locus. Two obols was the payment demanded from everybody 
except those who received, by privilege, reserved seats (irpoedpla). 
The poorer citizens were often presented, from the Theoric fund, with 
the money to pay for admission (Philip., 4, p. 141). Some editors 
understand h of the means, i. e. by payment of; but less aptly. — 9. 
Xe'-ye, i. q. avaylyvwo-Ke. The latter is more strictly correct, but the 
former equally common. Xafie rb fiifiXiov koI Xeye, Plat. Theoztet., 
143 c. Xeyecu suggests the vocal element of reading, avayiyv&VKeiv 
suggests the intellectual. The latter strictly means to re-know, know 
up, or know thoroughly, which can only be by reading a written docu- 
ment. The orator is here addressing the secretary (ypa^aareijs) of 
the Archons. 

29. Sm^ISMA. Clearly not a genuine document. And the same 
may be said of all the documents, of which thirty-four are appealed 



NOTES. 137 

to and twenty-seven given at length, in this oration. The question 
is too voluminous by far for discussion in the present work, but the 
points of interest will be briefly noticed in their places. For further 
information, see Bockh (Coram, de Archontibus Pscudonymis, a pud Acta 
Academice Borussicce, 1827), Droysen (Museum Rhenanum, Vol. II. , 
1845). An attempted defence of these documents as genuine will 
be found in Bohneck (Qucest., Vol. I., p. 321 sq.) and Vomel (Mu- 
seum Rhenanum, 1842, p. 535). In a paper on "The Chronology 
of some of the Events mentioned in Demosthenes on the Crown," 
read by Professor W. W. Goodwin of Harvard University before the 
American Philological Association, at its meeting in New Haven, in 
1872, the authority of these documents is discussed. The Professor 
says that, if these documents are taken as authority, it is absolutely 
impossible to make any consistent chronology of the events which 
preceded the battle of Chseronea, and it will strike every one who 
examines the subject that not a single name of an Archon, and not a 
single date given in the documents, can be shown to be correct. See 
Transactions of the Am. Phil. Assoc, 1871 and 1872. See, also, a 
concise resume of the arguments, on both sides, in Professor Champ- 
lin's "Appendix on the Documents," in his edition of the "Oration 
on the Crown." — Mvtj<tu{hXov. The real name of the Archon in 
347 b. c. was Themistocles. — eKaTO|if3cuttvos. The meeting was 
held on Munychion the 3d, not on Hecatombseon the 30th. For the 
names of the Attic months, and the manner of numbering the days 
of the month, see Lid. and Sc. Lex., and Smith's Die. of Antiqq., 
Greek Calendar. From the same sources, the student should also 
acquaint himself with the constitution of the /SouX^, and the presi- 
dency (irpvTaveia) of the eKKk-qaia. — 8e8ox0<u. The usual elliptic 
infinitive in public proclamations, [6 dewa] el-rrev being understood. 
The reading dedoxQu is found, but is obviously a mere correction. — 
Kal tw Stj|au>. This is incorrect. Referring to the same decree in the 
de F. L., 389, the orator says ypdcpco \p-f}(picrp.a fiovXetiwv, ttjv (3ov\t)v 
iroL-qcravTos rod 8rjpov Kvplav. That is, the 8rj/xos had given absolute 
power to the @ov\r) to pass \f/r}<f>io- para for the time on their own au- 
thority. The dij/nos, therefore, had nothing to do with this \p-h<pi<rpa. 
JSschines, de F.Z.,p. 40, calls it distinctly to (3ov\r)s ^(pco-pca. — Ivttj 
-n-pcSr?} iiecX-qo-ia. Peace was agreed to on Elaphebolion the 19th, which 
was the day of the second assembly, not the first, rrjv vcrrepaiav kv rj 
tt)v elprjvnv goei Kvpovcrdai. de F. L., p. 345. — {iir€p6o\T|v never means 



138 NOTES. 

delay in classical Greek. In 2 a correction, dva/3oX^v, has been in- 
serted by a later hand. — ko,1 8o£vcu. But the oath of Athens and 
their allies had already been received by Antipater. The envoys were 
solely commissioned to administer the oath to Philip. Sup. 27. — 
irpe'orpeis. The ambassadors were ten in number, and a list of them 
will be found in the Argument to the de F. L. None of the names 
in this \j/7]<pi<TfjLa appears there excepting that of iEschines. 

30. In spite of my decree the envoys threw away their 
otportunities, being bribed to do so by philip. 

13. <|>povTl,<ravT€s has for its object the contents of the concessive 
clause TauTa...^7]Tovvros, whereas I had moved this psephisma and was 
seeking the interest of the state, and not that of Philip, these worthy ambas- 
sadors caring little about it. — P. 12, 1. 1. Tpets p.TJva$. They were 
absent from Athens 26 days of Munychion, all Thargelion, and 13 
days of Skirophorion. But this included their journey to Macedon 
and back, so that oXovs is rather a stretch of imagination. — 3. T|fi€- 
p<3v. The rationale of this genitive of time (within) may be stated 
thus. As the genitive plural, dependent on a word of interval, speci- 
fies the two extreme points between which the interval lies, so the 
genitive can stand adverbially to represent two extremes with an 
interval between them. Note ftpxcov, 26. Compare C. 433 ; G. 
179 ; Cu. 426 ; H. 591. — 6. Tjp.<3v. Demosthenes himself was one 
of the embassy, but no doubt he may mean by rjfiQv that the embassy 
represented the nation at large, irapbvrwv is imperfect. — ¥\. Or else. 
Mad v., 186, r. 1. — 7. 8i/»ip.apTT|Kei. The pluperfect with dp is natu- 
rally stronger than the imperfect in the same construction, and the 
8i- still further intensifies the word = forever and utterly. — 8. &v d\c. 
Philip was holding the places still; if he had lost them again the 
orator would have said B.v &r%e. Note, 9, &v direXo-yovpTiv. 

31-37. Another act of villany followed. Bribed by Philip, 

THEY MADE YOU THE REPORT WHICH LED TO HIS SEIZURE OF THER- 
MOPYLAE AND DESTRUCTION OF THE PHOCIANS. I ONLY ALLUDE TO 
THIS EXTRANEOUS MATTER BECAUSE iEsCHINES HAS DONE THE LIKE 
IN HIS ACCUSATION. REMEMBER THE PARTICULARS OF THAT HIS- 
TORICAL CRISIS. 

31. 11. StopoSotoificu Piece of venality. The concrete put for the 
abstract. —13. iroXep.eiv koA 8ia<f)€pe(r9ai. I am at war and enmity; 
active hostility is implied by iroXe/xeiv, passive by dtacpepeaOcu. A 
somewhat different view is taken by Kennedy, who holds this to be 



NOTES. 139 

an anti-climax, and translates "war and variance." See his note on 
the passage. — 14. I4>e|fjs. Deinceps, in immediate succession, like the 
links of a chain, which would be said ^xecrtfcu aXX-nXwv. — 32. 17. 
8ia tovtovs ot»xi ireicrGc'vTas. In consequence of these men not having 
obeyed at all. — 18. irap' avi-wv, i. e. those envoys who were venal : 
this third person contrasts well with the first person in airiup.ev, the 
orator including himself by the latter as he excludes himself by the 
former. 2, however, reads air'nao-iv. — 20. -rroi^o-aiTO. In historic 
consecution introduced by the historic present tbvetrai. Sup., 27, 
irpoopufjievos. — 21. peWei. The present tense is the direct form of 
quotation instead of the indirect, when we had reported that he intends 
(root /M€v = minds, means) and is preparing. — 23. wcrirep irpoTepov, 
i. e. in the year 353 (Winston says, "about May, 352"; Grote, 
"about midsummer, 352"), when Philip wanted to effect a junction 
with the Thebans against the Phocians, by forcing his way through 
Thermopylae, which the Phocians were then endeavoring to hold. 
An Athenian force was despatched with unusual expedition, under 
Nausicles, and placed Thermopylae beyond the possibility of Philip's 
attack. The orator is constantly alluding to this. Phil., L, p. 44; 
de F. L., p. 444, etc. — 24. d\\* cip.a. But that, at one and the same 
moment, you might be listening to us, and he be within Pylce, and you have 
nothing left you to do. It is not, I think, correct to understand %x elv 
here of ability = and you be able to do nothing ; the sense would be much 
the same of course, but the graphic force of fx,r]8ev <?x €iv would be lost. 
— 33. 27. Kai. Strongly concessive = even though. —P. 13, 1. 2. Ta 
TrpdyjiaTa. His affairs should slip from his grasp. A poetical use of 
€K(pevyo}' to 8e £r)Tovp.evov \ dXcorov CKcpevyei. 8e rafxeXovfievov, Soph. 
O. R., 110. — 3. juo-GoOtcu. On the difference between ibtrre with 
the indicative and the infinitive see Madv. 166 a; C. 671; Cu. 565; 
H. 770, 771. If the effect introduced by cbcrre can be viewed as future 
to the present time, or as future to a certain standing-point in the 
past to which the speaker transfers himself, the infinitive is then the 
natural mood. And the orator could so have written it here without 
altering the sense of the passage. — 34. 6. d|«o 8e. / require and en- 
treat you. In contrast with deladai, cl^lovv signifies to ask as a right. 
7)!;lovv /ecu irapeKeXevovro eire^eXdeiv, p. 515 ; rj^lov 8e Kai 7rp6s e/xe avru) 
8c enelvov yiyve&Oai rets SiaXvaeis, p. 553. — 10. &repov. Here in the 
sense of dXXorpcov, foreign, i. e. irrelevant, & very rare use. erepos 6 
\6yoi odros, oi Trpbs e/jLe, p. 240. Cf. the parallel passa*.^ in 9, where 



140 NOTES. 

raXXa is somewhat similarly put. — &p.a, sc. rois kv rfj ypa<j)rj, into 
the bargain. — al-ricus, 57, ciTias Kal SiapoXas. — 11. Tovrov K€\pT](j.e- 
vov expresses a reason = inasmuch as he has made use of. — 35. 13. 
irapd,. An elegant substitute for the more obvious virb. On the part 
of. Conversely vwb is substituted for irapd. 7rXi77&s vir avrou Xafiuv, 
p. 514 (fin.). — 14. ws ov 8ei. Direct quotation again instead of in- 
direct. Here, besides being more vigorous, it 'has the advantage of 
professedly quoting the speech of iEschines verbatim. — 18. iJKei pre- 
serves both its forces in this passage, a virtual perfect and an actual 
present : he has been, coming. An instance of the adverbial accusative 
occurs immediately after in tovuolvtIov. — 19. t& pTjp.a/ra. "Forties 
of union," quoth he, in his very imposing phraseology, "are cemented, not 
by words but by identity of interests." — 22. &va\-yi]o-ias. Brutality ov 
stupidity, /xr] rXfjs ddairTov c55 dvaXyqrws j3aXelv, Soph., Aj. 1333. 
Insensibility to pain taken as a type of all want of feeling. The 
epithet is notorious as applied to the Thebans. Cf. ol dvaiadrjToi Or)- 
fiaioL, p. 61, p. 240. dpxalov 'oueibos Boiuriav dp, Find. Ol. VI., 90. — 
23. PapvTiyros. Oppressiveness. A rare sense of the word, almost 
without example. We find drjdlas Kal ^apiJTTjras (Isocr. p. 239), and 
d7]8ia nal dvacadrjo-ia (Dem. p. 564), which would rather lead us to 
expect that j3ap\jrr)s should mean vexatiousness. That the word, how- 
ever, is of more serious import we gather from ol Tore fxh fiapeis Qrj- 
[3aloL, 19, and irbXejios o/xopos Kal fiaptis, 241. Whiston renders it over- 
bearing insolence. — 36.25. vtrova-av. Underlying. They were not at 
open war, but the state of ill feeling was chronic, 18, note «j>T|o-0i]vai. 
There are various readings, odcrav Cod. e, vwdpxovaav Aug. Vind., etc. 
(Vomel). — 26. ovk els |AaKp&v is a meiosis, stronger in meaning than 
evdvs. This proleptic use of els is noticed in Mad v. Gr. S. 79 a. — 
27. Ka.Tao-Keu|>i)vtH. The fortifications were destroyed and the towns 
broken up into villages. Abas was the only exception, either because 
it contained an oracle of Apollo, or because it had not been a party to 
plundering the Delphic treasury. Pausanias, X., 3. 2. Grote. — 
P. 14, 1. 1. d-ya*yovxas. This participle and the next introduce 
causal sentences, Madv. Gr. S., 176 b. — 2. o-Keua-ywyeiv. Brought 
in your effects from the country. "H. t-vyKo/xiS}] e/c rG>v dypwv is rb darv, 
Thucyd. II., 52. Kal Traidas Kal yvvdiKas e/c rdv dyp&v KaraKop-i^eiv 
i\f/rj(f)t^6cr6e Kal rd (ppovpia eiricrKevdfciv, Dem., de F. L., p. 379 (fin.). 
did r-qv aqv dvavSpiav Kal dfxa (pdbuov eiTKevaydoyrjaav eic tQ>v dypusv oi 
'Ad-rjvaloi, iEschin. de F. L., p. 46. In such migrations to the shelter 



NOTES. 141 

of fortified walls, the rural population would naturally bring with 
them as many of their chattels as possible, o-Kev-n describes every- 
thing in the way of furniture excepting fixtures. They also brought 
their live stock. — 3. yjpv<riov, which strictly means gold plate, is used 
by iEschines repeatedly of gold given as a bribe, pp. 78, 88, etc., where 
he is speaking of the bribes offered by Persia, to fiao-ikuibv xP V(J ' l0V i 
p. 75. Possibly the use of his adversary's favorite word is meant by 
the orator to be a special taunt. — 4. direx® €iav ' O ur c ty 9 ot a ^ the 
ill-will on the part of Thebes and Thessaly, and Philip all the gratitude 
connected with what had been done. We should rather have expected 
7r/3js to* be followed by a genitive here ; as it is written, we must 
understand that Athens had to take up an attitude of defence against 
them. A similar use of irpbs will be found in p. 368, vfuv fiev ri]v 
exOpay ttjv irpbs Qt)(3clLovs fieifa, QCkLiririp 8e rr\v x^P lv ^reiroitjKev. — 
37. ^H4>I2MA. The inscription (Mvi]o-icf>i\ov) and the date of 
this document (SeKo/rrj diriovros) condemn it at once as spurious. 
The contents, however, are fairly consistent with allusions the orator 
makes himself, de F. L., 379 (cited 36, <rKeva.y<ayeiv). He there 
alludes to the (ppovpca being put in repair ; here there is reference to 
their being garrisoned also. He there dwells on the migration of the 
inhabitants, here there is mention of the moving of their furniture. 
Yet Whiston and Newman take the opposite view, and consider the 
purport of this decree to conflict with the passage in the de F. L. — - 
Mvtjc-uJhXov. Sup. 29. — o-vvkX'/jtov. The special assembly, as dis- 
•tinct from the regular (Kvpla), was convened by special officers ; some- 
times by the generals only, sometimes by a joint order of the generals 
and the Prytanes. If Kal is rightly excluded by Dindorf, the latter 
would be intended here ; if, with Bremi and Vomel, we retain /cat, 
the sense becomes by order of the generals, Prytanes, and Council. — Se- 
nary) diriovTos. The 30th. Vid. Calendar in Diet, of Antiq. But, 
as Dissen observes, the month Msemacterion b. c. 346, would, accord- 
ing to Meton's cycle, contain 29 days only. — irapevpeVa. The word 
is a aira£ Xeybpcevov : the Greek of the period would substitute irpocpd- 
cei : Herodotus certainly uses irapevplo-Keiv, as Mr. Newman remarks ; 
but Herodotus uses it in quite a different sense, not to make a pretext 
of, but to detect in. ia od aTrodavwai, ij enpe irapevpedrj tl olSlkov, III., 
31. — Koiraiov. Greek of a later age, used twice by Polybius and once 
by Plutarch. The Greek of the period would substitute Koip,ao-9at. 
aTroKoiTos is classical, iEschin., p. 45, 1. 2 : but diroKOLTeiv (inf.) and 



142 NOTES. 

a(f>7]ixepe6eiv are both <x7ra£ Xey6p,eva. The great number of unclassical 
words in these documents is alone sufficient to condemn them as 
spurious. — d'iroT€Ta'yjJi€voi. Detached for the outlying garrisons, as dis- 
tinct from those who were rerayixevoi in the city itself. 

38. dSvyarov. Insuperable difficulty = legitimate excuse. Cf. p. 
262, 1. 23. — 6 lirl twv o-itXwv. Commanding the heavy infantry = eiri 
r&v ottXitQi/, (148) ; (eirl twv linreuv (ib.)). We might possibly take 6 
eirl t&v owXcav, as president of the armory department. This officer is 
never mentioned excepting here and in 147 ; we have no description 
of his duties, nor can we be certain that such an office existed. It 
would be, however, a natural arrangement for each of the ten gen- 
erals to take his special department and be designated in accordance 
therewith. — 6 eirl tt)s SiotKrio-etos. The general of the administration, 
who performed various civil services more or less connected with the 
army. See under "ZTparvyos in Diet, of Antiq. — J E\eo<riva. This 
and the other four are among the (ppovpta already alluded to. ciri = 
with, literally on the ground of. Observe the emphatic position of 
fucrduTos. 

39-41. Kead Philip's lettee of that date. Mark how he 
defies the power of athens, and thereby seduces to his 
cause the therans and the thessalians. jeschines worked 
with him heart and soul for that ruin of thebes which he 

NOW AFFECTS TO DEPLORE. He, FORSOOTH, HAS GOT HIS REWARD 

in the shape of theban land : i have mine in the menaces of 
Alexander, which actually imperilled my life. 

39. P. 15. EIII2T0AH. It is generally agreed that this docu- 
ment is spurious. Vomel alone defends it as genuine. A discussion 
of its merits is given by Bohneck (Qu., Vol. I., p. 418). — x a ^P €lv - 
Greeting. Cf. dedox^ai, 29, note. — i# eavTovs. Whiston pronounces 
this expression to be "strange and not ordinary Greek." It is, how- 
ever, perfectly classical, rdde irdvra. ireipdaaadai vtto a (pas iroie?- 
adai, Thuc, IV., 61. iavruv is not unfrequently used of the 1st and 
2d persons. — TrpocreriGero. Dissen strangely considers this as a 
euphemism for forcible subjection. But eicovo-Los implies distinctly a 
voluntary association, contrasted with rd p.7] viraKOT/ovra. . .KareaKa^afxev. 
Cf. 195, d\\d $iXt7T7ry irpoaideuTo. — do-ayTioxdras. Buttmann has 
a valuable article on this and similar forms {Lexil. s. v., dvrjvodev, p. 
139). — Kara Kpdtos. By force. This is 'inconsistent, as Dissen 
remarks, Avith the passage in the de F. L., p. 360, rb firjdefjdav tQv 



NOTES. 143 

TroXeuv tuiv iu $b)Kevcnv dXwrat iroXiopKia firjd' £k 7rpo<r/3oX?7S /card 
k par os, dXX' e/c rod (Xirelaaadai. irdvras dph-qv airoXe'crdai, p-eyiarov icm. 
arjp.€Lov rod Std toutovs ireiadevras avrovs u>s viro ^lXIttttov audrjcrovTcu 
ravra iradelv. Jacobs, however, insinuates that the orator thus per- 
verted the facts to exaggerate the guilt of iEschines. — tois 8\ois. 
Absolutely. So rots 6'Xots -rjrraa-dac ivop.i£ov, p. 127 (Jin.). Yet New- 
man, indorsed by Whiston, calls the phrase a "striking peculiarity." 
rd 6'Xa, in the sense of one's all, is, on the contrary, extremely com- 
mon, and the adverbial -usage here is derived immediately from it. 
"Whiston renders it, in short. — ovSev p-erptov. Anything but what is 
fair. A meiosis rather than a euphemism. Dissen, however, main- 
tains the latter. — 6|iotws. All the same. A sense nearly approaching 
that of the contracted 6«ws. So 110, 6/zotws to crwetd'ds vTrapxew /xoi. 
— dvTnrape£d-yovT€s. Imperfect of desire = inclined to take the field, 
contrasted with the aorist o-vvdi/xevoL of what they had actually done. 
They had not gone to war, it is true, but it is equally true that they 
were thinking about it. — <rup.Tr€piei\T)p.p,evwv. de F. L., p. 441, rrjv 
p.kv to'lvvv elprjvrjv ravrats rats eXiriai. /cat rats eir ay ojyals evpovro Trap 
uwwj/ avev <£a>/cewv. The Phocians were not mentioned in the treaty 
of peace, and thus their exclusion from its benefits was virtual though 
not special. — irpoT€pTJo-€T€. You will get no advantage save that of being 
aggressors in wrong. Whiston again considers the Greek "remarkable 
and unusual." Certainly irporepeiv (in this sense) is common in 
Aristotle, and must have been quite accordant with Macedonian 
usage. And £'£w, meaning except, is found in Herod., YIL, 29 ; Thu- 
cyd., V., 97, etc., etc. — 40. 2. tovs <rvp.|i.dxovs. rovs Qr}j3aiovs /cat 
GerraXotfs. — 3. J-yw stands well in emphasis at the beginning of this 
sentence. Cf. i/nol p.h below. The ordinary reading was ravra eyu. 
Dindorf restored eyw ravra from 2. — 8. wxcto Xa(3wv. Lit. went 
off with, i. e. carried off along with him a very frequent combination. 
dwavras vpids \a(3wv &X €T0 > P- 347. rr\v iepai>...&x eT ' %X WV T P L VPV> ne 
carried off the sacred trireme, Phil., L, 34. — els to. The state of 
feeling into which he hurried them is introduced by els, as if it were 
a material locus. By these means he carried them away with him (trans- 
ported them, as it were,) into an utter blindness and insensibility to the 
consequences. Or eis may denote the extent to which he transported 
them out of themselves, he carried them away with him to such an extent 
that they foresaw none of the consequences. — 9. irpoopav of the future, 
contrasted with aiaQdveaQai of the present. The force of the aorist 



144 NOTES. 

iaaai is striking. Their blindness was chronic and continuous ; their 
surrender into his hands was single and complete at that moment. 
— 10. v$> eavToi is stronger than u0' eavrovs (39) in the ratio of 
a case of station to a case of motion. The latter describes the process 
of subjugation, the former the state of actual subjection. — 41. 13. <rw- 
cryavio-TTis. The element -ayuv- in this and in avvrrycaviaaTo (20) 
suggests the energy and activity of his support ; far stronger than 
avvepybs. Inf. 61. — 15. Siegiiov. Reciting. An allusion, as before 
(13, erpa-ywSei), to his histrionic profession. — jcal Toi>T<ov...ci/uTbs 
wv aiTios, when he is himself the author both of these calamities (sc. of 
the Thebans) and those of the Phocians. — P. 16, 1. 1. 8fj\ov. The 
natural prefix to a sentence of irony. — 3. K-nrjfiaTa. Dissen cites 
the de F. L., 368, aXK ev ry tQv cnroXuhbTwv crvp.jxax^v x^P a kt-i\- 
fAdTa . kal yeupyia iraixirXrjdels, QiXoKparei p.ev rahavrov fyovtrcu irp6<r- 
odov, tovtu? 5', Al<rx' Lv y, TpL&KovTa p.i>as. — 'iyjuv = although you hold. 
— 5. 4|t)tov(xt]v. Was demanded as a victim. Alexander had re- 
quested the surrender of ten Athenian orators (Arrian says, eight) 
immediately after the destruction of Thebes. Plutarch, Vita Demosth., 
23, Vita Phocion., 17 ; Diodorus, 17, 15. 

42. I RETURN TO THE SUBJECT. 

7. 'A\Xd ydp. An elliptic construction = d\Xd [[at)K€ti ravr % a e'Ciroj, 
iyu] yap. A similar insertion is always implied wherever we find the 
phrase. However gives an adequate translation. — 6|xire7rT«Ka. 256. 
els tolovtovs \6yovs epvK'nrTeiv avayK&frpLcu. The use of the verb in this 
connection is rare. But we have also eixir'nrTeiv els \0180pLav, p. 73, 
1. 17. — din-tea. Hermogenes, citing this passage, adds p.a\a varepov 
and omits p:a\\oi>. The word avrlKa not unfrequently implies a future 
immediate sequence, vvv fxeu odu cus olbp.eda rr\v evdaijuiova ir\aTrop.ev . . . 
avTiKa de rrjv evavriav aKexf/o/neda, Plat., Rep., 420 C. — 9. d-iroSstfjeis. 
Demonstrative proofs, opposed to eUSra and -rrtdavoXoyia, Plat. , Thecetet., 
163 A ; Aristot., Eth. N., I., 1 (3), irapairXycnov yap (paiverac p.adrjp.a- 
tlkov re iridavo\oyovvTos airodix ie(T ^ aL KaL PV T0 P IK0V d7ro5et'£eis airairew. 

42-49. Observe the sequel after the fall of the Phocians. 
Thebes and Thessaly were devoted to Philip. The rest of 
Greece suspected him, but kept the peace. Philip's military 
movements then were the stepping-stone to his final con- 
quest. I WARNED THE CITIES OF THIS, BUT IN VAIN. INDOLENT 
OR VENAL, THEY REFUSED TO RISE. THE RESULT HAS BEEN RUIN 
TO THEM, RUIN TO THE STATESMEN WHOM PHILIP CORRUPTED, AND 



NOTES. 145 

of whom he now has expressed his contempt, the ends for 
which he hired them being obtained. you, ieschines, are 
truly an exception ; you remain in security and pay. and 
why? Because the end for which Philip hired you was 
thwarted throughout by my own steadfast opposition. 

42. 11. vird. Of the agent, contrasting well with did of his instru- 
ments. — 13. ovSkv &X/r]0€$. <pevcud<ras v,uds, 41 ; \6yoi Tore prjdevres, 
k. r. X., 35. — 43. 15. KaTa7rTvcrToi. Dissen refers this to the general 
detestation felt by the Greeks for the Thessalians. They are spoken 
of as d-maroi, dnrXo?, and branded for dra£ta, d/coXao-ta. Cf. Athen., 
VI., p. 260 ; Plat., Crit., 53 d. They wished for the total destruction 
of Phocis (^schin., F. Z.,pp. 46, 47). —16. ©i^cuoi. Their attach- 
ment to Philip is accounted for by the orator de F. L., p. 385, irpQ- 
rov [xev roivvv elp-fjvn yeyovev avrols ttovovgl /cut TaXanrojpovp.ei>ois fjbn ry 
TroXepicp real ^rrw/x^Oi?, etra vvv ^x#pdV ^wk^cov dpdnv BXedpos /cat oXcov 
t&v retxeSv /cat tQ>v ir6Xewv dvaipeens, k. t. X. — 17. TravTa. All in all. 
Whiston cites Thucyd., VIII., 95 : EvfSota yap clvtols irdvra 9jv. — 18. 
4>wvtjv. 10, purfe <pwv\}v dvdcrxwQt, note. — ^kovov. Imperfect of 
desire — would not. The imperfect optative, fiouXoiro, which follows, 
is due to the historic consecution, and gives to el the same distribu- 
tive force which edv possesses in a primary consecution. — 19. v<f>o- 
pwjxsvoi. Always metaphorical — suspicantes. virofiXeTrw is sometimes 
literal. Though viewing with suspicion what had been done, and feeling 
aggrieved at it. Whiston. — 21. kcU, also. This sense is marked by 
the 8e which follows dXXoi. Cf. /cat irapaXelirw de iroXXd, c. Mid. — 
24. Ik iroWov. For a long time past: i. e. his movements had been 
virtually hostile to their safety in all his Illyrian campaign. 'E/c 
indicates the date at which the danger first began, the period since 
which events are happening. — iro\e|xoii|j.evoi. Beset by war. He 
means, of course, unconsciously to themselves. A strong antithesis 
to 77701/ elprjurjv. To explain the paradox he gives the fuller details 
comprised in the next sentence. On the concessive construction of 
/cat with a participle see Madv., Gk. S., 175, eleven though.— 44. 24. 
6t€. Of the period, 346 to 340 b. c, we have no records, as Grote 
remarks, to "forma consecutive history"; we can only gather an 
outline of facts from the speeches of the orator and" iEschines. The 
term irepuwv is very appropriate to Philip's incessant and rapid move- 
ments, and the wide area over which he directed operations. His 
invasion, here named, of the Illyrians appears to have been directly 
7 j 



146 NOTES. 

after he had settled his position in Thessaly, and garrisoned the town 
of Pheree : i. e. in the year 344 or 343. The invasion, here named, 
of the Triballi is nowhere else alluded to. It must have been prior 
to the declaration of war in the year 340, and therefore cannot be 
the campaign which is mentioned by Justin (IX., 2. 3), the date of 
which was 339. As to Philip's gradually subjugating some of the 
Greeks themselves, that remark has reference less to the force of his 
arms than to the intrigues of statesmen in his pay and interest. His 
actual military operations directed against any Grecian states at this 
particular crisis were (1) the support of Messene and Argos against 
Sparta, (2) the support of the oligarchic revo]utionists at Elis and in 
Euboea, and (3) the occupation of the Thracian Chersonese which 
menaced the Greek cities of the Bosphorus and Hellespont. This 
last prospect and his actual possession of Thrace and Thessaly would 
realize the 8vvd/jieis iroXXas /cat /j.eyd\as here alluded to. — 26. Suvd- 
|xeis. Copias. Resources. The supplies of money and troops which 
the regions he thus annexed to his empire would contain and place 
at his disposal. — 27. twv iroXetov. Always of the independent 
Grecian states, when no specification is added beyond that of the 
article. — P. 17, 1. 1. €£ou<Ha. The facility offered by the peace, which 
enabled them to communicate personally with Philip, and accept his 
overtures of corruption, eirl, in reliance upon, e/cetcre, to Philip. — 2. 
tot€. Then, i. e. throughout all that period and under all those cir- 
cumstances. This is indicated by the imperfect tenses. — 4. fcrcpos. 
i. q. dWorpios, sup. 34, note &repov. — 45. 4. 'E^w fJtev...8i6p.apTvp6- 
\ir[V, for I, for my part, was continually forewarning and protesting. — 6. 
8-n-oi, i. e. to Peloponnesus, Ambracia, Leucas, Corcyra, the Illyrians, 
Thessaly, Thrace, Byzantium, Thebes, inf., p. 308, 244. — ivotrovv. 
Were mad. k\vo) <r eyw fiefiTjvdr ov fxiKpav vbaov, iEsch., P., v. 974. 
Others translate were morally diseased, demoralized. QerraXol voaovcxi 
/cat <TTacn.a£ov(TL, p. 22, 1. 7. TrpocrdyecrOaL del to voaovv rrjs 7r6Aew?, 
iEschin., p. 51 (fin.). — 7. iro\iT€ve<r0ai. Engaged in politics and 
action. Trpdrreiu is limited in sense to those who are actually serving: 
7ro\irevea8at includes the idea of deliberative statesmanship also. — 9. 
iroWwv. The article twv preceding 18iwtu>v has to be repeated here. 
Private (i. e. unofficial) persons and the commons in general, ov fxbvov irepi 
T&v l8ib)TU)v dXXa /cat irepl rCbv prjTopwv, iEschin., p. 2, 1. 2. &v re 
detvol \dx<*xnv &v re ISi wrat, Dem., p. 50, 1. 6. — 6. twv p.^v...irpdT- 
T€iv = the politicians and those engaged in public affairs on the one hand. — 



NOTES. 147 

8. twv 8l...iroXXwv = ^e private citizens and the commons on the other. — 
to. n*v...Tct U= partly... partly. C. 518, d ; Cu. 369 ; G. 143 ; H. 525. — 
10. SeXca^ojJievwv. Caught with the bait of present ease and comfort. 
Reluctant to forego their luxurious state of nonchalance and exemp- 
tion from trouble. The force of deXeafr/xevots is fully illustrated by 
Isocrates, p. 166 (init.), ofioia Trdcrxovras rots deXea^op.e'voiS twv fwwp, 
Kal kclt apxaLS fieu diroXavovras &v av Xafiuoiv, oXiycp 5' {jcrrepov if rots 
(xeyLaTois /ca/co?s 6vras. — 11. irX^v ovk. An obvious ellipsis of iravrd- 
Xoce precedes. The construction of ovk is a pleonasm as in /jlcLXXov t) 
ov, Thucyd , III., 36. If you say TravT&xoae i]!;ei. ttXtiv i(p' eavrovs, you 
deny of e<p' eavrovs, what you affirm of iravraxocre. Hence the redund- 
ant ov makes its entrance. See Buttm., Mid., Exc. xi., iravraxoa-e 
irXeovaa ttXtjv ovk els 'Adrjvas, Dem., p. 1290, 1. 4. Translate anywhere 
but to. It is strange that Dobree should have proposed the omission of 
ttXtjv, which would certainly destroy the particular point of the sentence. 
— 14. oVav PovXwvTai. Arbitrio suo. Cf. Aristot., Rhet., I., 7, ' 8rav 
yap (3ovXcovTat vwapxei. p.aXXov r/ rod (3efiaiov [xpy<Tt-s~\. — 46. 15. pa0v- 
|i£as. Indifference. This word applies more expressly to the feelings, 
paardovn to the consequent and consistent behavior. — 16. irpoeo-TTj- 
koo-i. Leaders, including the idea of protectors and champions. — 
18. ireirpaKd<riv aicO&rGai. In the simple sentence the words would 
have run tfadovTo eavrovs ireirpaKores : this is varied by the sentence 
beginning with avfi^ep-rjKe, and then the participle has inevitably to 
fall into concord with avrols. aladiadai is subject of <Tvp.^ej37jKe. 
The influence of rots extends to olop.evois : and to the leading men and 
those who supposed they were selling everything but themselves, to discover 
(see and feel) that they had sold themselves first. — fje'vcov. Plighted 
friends, i. e. pledged to reciprocal hospitalities. German Gastfreund: 
a is neuter to agree with 6v6p.ara implied in ibvop-afrvro. — 20. aicov- 
ovo-iv. Audiunt. They hear the appellation in connection with 
themselves, i. e. bear the name of. The usage is too common both 
in Gk. and Lat. to need illustration here. It has only to be observed 
that aKovecv in this construction has the same case before it as after it. 
C. 575 ; Cu. 392; H. 540. —47. 23. cSv. By attraction for rovrwv 
a : not a partitive genitive. — 25. ovSev -yap &v. An ellipsis of 
aXXws. The construction is very common, Aristot., Rhet., I., 3 con- 
tains a good instance, on d' dSt/ce? ovdeirore av bixoXoyrjaeiev, ov8e yap 
hv idei SiK-ns. Translate here : For else nothing would have been a more 
blessed creature than a traitor. The neuter marks contempt. Mad v., 



148 NOTES. 

Gk. S., I., b. 3. — 26. ir<$0€v; The favorite ironical question": 
stronger in the orator's lips than the strongest negative. Impossible I 
Ridiculous ! — 27. €"yKpciTT|S. Has planted' himself in full possession of 
his object, Karaary suggests the security of his position, iyKpar^s the 
completeness of his conquest. For ireTrpaKevai, sup. 46, he now sub- 
stitutes its synonyme, airodoadai. — P. 18, 1. 1. Ka( = also: he is master 
also of those who gave them over (sold them) to him. This clause is the 
apodosis, as is shown by the mood of the verbs Karaar% and earl. 
The editor of the English edition made the apodosis begin with rr\v 
de. But Se is connective = and. Whiston makes the same mistake. 
— 2. totc Stj. From that instant. On the emphasis conveyed by 5r), 
vid. sup. note Stjttov, 21. The ethics, politics, and rhetoric of these 
sections are alike remarkable, and have been often remarked by com- 
mentators. — 48. 5. Kaipbs aei. ad yap r//3a rols yepovaiv ed [ladeiv, 
iEsch., Ag., 590. Though the time of action be gone by irretrievably, 
the lesson can be pointed at any time with advantage. — 6. AaorGe- 
vtjs betrayed Olynthus to Philip, and was afterwards put to death by 
him de F. L., p. 426, 451 ; De Cherson., p. 99. So the editor of the 
English edition. But it seems to be a mistaken inference from the 
language of Demosthenes. An anecdote related by Plutarch shows 
that Lasthenes was resident at the court of Philip at a subsequent 
time. Timolaus occurs again below, p. 324, in the list of traitors. 
Simus and Eudicus were of the great Aleuad family in Thessaly. 
For the persons and places here named, see Smith's Dictionaries. — 8. 
dircaXeo-e. Chseronea was the date of Theban ruin. Thessalian sub- 
jection dated from the occupation of Pherse in 344, 343. The repe- 
tition of pLexP 1 - toijtov is emphatic and highly artistic. The rhetoric 
is as perfect as the political lesson is sound. — ctra. So then, infer- 
ential ; or, since then, temporal. The former seems the more vigorous 
translation, but the latter is more probable. Since then the whole 
land is become full of traitors driven from city to city and insulted, — nay, 
what misery is there which they do not suffer? Whiston. ti koxov 
ov\L' } by a simple periphrasis for airavra /ra/cd. Cf. iEsch., Ag ,543, 
ri 8' ov (TT^vovres, ov \axovres, ijp.aTos [itpos ; — 11. tj oIkov^evt]. 
According to Reiske, terra a Grozcis habitata. He cites also p. 85, 
1. 17. But it may be doubted whether Demosthenes intended so 
extreme a limitation : certainly Herodotus does so in IV., 110, but 
that one instance is hardly conclusive. olKovfiev-r) is doubtless used 
in a popular and rhetorical sense. — 12. t£ 8 j ; An ellipsis of irtirov- 



NOTES. 149 

6ev derived from ira<rx oVTWV - — 'ATrlorpaTos. Of this rtipavvos, and 
the history of Sicyon at the period, no record is preserved except the 
present and that on p. 324. — 13. IlepiXaos attempted to betray 
Megara to Philip, at some period between the years 344 and 342. 
The attempt was frustrated by Phocion (Plutarch, Vita Phoc, c. 16). 
— 14. direppi|i|JL€Voi. Outcasts, dwcjarbs yrjs diroppL<pd"hcrop.<xL, Soph., 
Aj., 1019. — 49. 18. irtpiiroiei. Secures you an affluence of material for 
bribery: i. e. preserves an independent constitution, by offering to 
betray which you may earn your pay from Macedon. — 4<p' 8tw Seopo- 
8oKifio-€T€ — for which you shall receive bribes. — rovTOivl. My audience, 
i. e. the commons of the city, to whom he is actually addressing his 
present speech in the eKKXvaia : hence the pronoun. The conservative 
party would naturally include the two elements he mentions, rods 
avdiaraiMevovs, the leading politicians who advocated resistance to 
Philip, roi/s iroWovs, who supported that course by their votes and 
numerical influence. — 21. a/iroXwXeiTe. On the force of the pluper- 
fect with av sup. note &v 8nnxapTT|K€i, 30. 

50 - 52. But I pause and crave pardon for my tedium. My 
opponent's language, and the youth of some of my hearers, 

MADE MY PROLIXITY INDISPENSABLE. He SAYS I TAUNTED HIM 

with "being Alexander's friend." I suppose he means "be- 
ing Alexander's hireling." 

50. 24. IwXoKpacKav. The stale mess, as Whiston aptly translates 
it. See his note on the passage, r) Karaxvcris tQv fa/uL&v t&v eoAwv 
Seiirvuv eirl rods Koifiu/xevovs t&v (rv/xirivovTUv, Bekk., Anecd., p. 258. 
TroWqu rr\v eco\oKpa<riav KaTacrKeddaas tQ>v cpikoabcpuv, lj\\Q,\a.Ti.,Symp., 
c. 3. In Plutarch we find ewXoKpaaia rts vfipeus. The application is 
obvious here. iEschines has raked up his own stale and offensive 
pieces of treachery and tries to transfer them to my head. — 26. veco- 
Tgpovs. Too young to recollect the end and sequel of the Sacred War. 
The minimum age for a Dikast was thirty. Those of his audience 
who did not now exceed that age would have been no more than four- 
teen at the time referred to. — 27. irapTjvcoxXTjo-Ge. Somewhat annoyed, 
i. e. by the tedium of my repetitions (4, e^oxXeT), when you knew the 
facts without my telling you. The force of ewxXelv is modified by 
the irapa-. — P. 19, 1. 1. Kal vp,€is. Even you, the younger, for whose 
exclusive benefit I was speaking, but to whom perhaps my opponent's 
venality is just as notorious as it is to your seniors. Whiston says, 
you too (as well as myself) ? — 51. 2. Kafrroi. And yet, notorious & 



150 NOTES. 

it is, he tries to disguise it under specious names, and therefore I am 
bound to reiterate my warnings. — 3. fjevlav. Plighted friendship, 
(■e'vttV, 46, 6 Tr]v %eviav i/uol irpocpepwu tt)v 'AXe^dvdpov, iEschin., p. 63. 
— Trov\4y<av = somewhere in his speech. — 8. 0epi<rrds. Reapers, as the 
type of hired laborers in general, Idovres otl deplfriv ibpa, rfi varepatg. 
ayovres roi>s depiards. Aristot., Hist. Anim., VI., 30. The word is 
rare in the classical authors. — 52. 14. |xiot0o)tos. The orator de- 
signedly mispronounced this word, says Ulpian, that the audience, 
vociferously correcting his bad accent, might seem to give the answer 
he wanted to his question. This is obviously nonsense. Either the 
passage was only written and never spoken, so that the interrogation 
is a mere rhetorical artifice (see Long, Ciceron., Verr., II., 4, 3) ; or 
else, and far more probably, the orator would take care to be sur- 
rounded by a faithful knot of his own supporters who would duly 
shout li /MaduTSs" when appealed to. "We maybe sure he knew 
his audience well." Whiston. 

53. i will now reply to the indictment itself and justify 
the Bill of the Council. 

19. < n-poPc(3oi>\€V|j.£va>v, sc. yeypajxfxh^v iv t<£ 7T/>o/3oiA.eifyiaT£. So 
irpoefiotiXevo-ev tj (3ov\t) e£i<frai, p. 567, 1. 3. — 21. p,oi. Dativus ethi- 
cus ; the common formula of courtesy : please. 

54. TPA^H. Clearly spurious. Chserondas was Archon in 337 
(vid. Clinton), the very year when Demosthenes was appointed Com- 
missioner for the Walls. But the orator only received this appoint- 
ment on Skirophorion the 3d (middle of May). jEschin., p. 57, 1. 35. 
According to the present document iEschines indicted him two months 
before, viz., on Elaphebolion the 6th (middle of March) in the same 
year, larafiivov, see Lexicon, and Calendar in Diet, of Antiq. — 
dTr^veYKe. Brought a charge. A most improbable wording of the 
charge as Dindorf rightly argues. But see Schomann (p. 607). A 
ypacprj wapavd/xuv in any case appertained to the jurisdiction of the 
Thesmothetes, not of the Archon Eponymus. — 'Avck^Xvo-tIov. Ana- 
phlystus was a deme of the tribe Antiochis. It was situated on the 
west coast of Attica, a little to the north of Sunium. It is men- 
tioned by Herodotus, IV. , 99. — crr€(f>dva>. Crowns, as a mark of 
honor, were originally limited to athletic contests. It was only in 
the period of Grecian decadence that grants of this description came 
into frequent usage. We see from this speech, and that of iEschines, 
that they were presented for even the most trivial public service, 



NOTES. 151 

such as expedition in equipping a trireme, or effective management of 
any small department. — P. 20. Aiovixrlois. At the Dionysiac festivals, 
a time when Athens would be crowded with company. — kcuvols. In 
theory, the tragedies performed at the great Dionysia were supposed 
to be new. for the occasion. Practically, however, it seems to have 
been sufficient that the dresses, decorations, etc., should be new. 
The plays of Sophocles were, often represented more than once. De 
F. L., p. 418 ; Aul. Gell., Noct. Att., VII., 5; We have the phrase 
Tpayyduv aywvLfrnevuv kcm>Qv (iEschin., p. 58) and below 55, rpayy- 
duv rfj Kaivrj. — &p€TT)s. Merit in general, of which eiWas and dvSpa- 
yadias are mentioned as the particular details. — 55. ^vSi). This 
states correctly the first count of the indictment, viz., that Ctesiphon 
had proposed to include in the public archives a document false in 
substance. — virevQvvov. Waiting for an audit. This is the second 
count in the charge ; viz., that Demosthenes, on that occasion, was 
ineligible for receiving a crown, as being a member of two Commis- 
sions, neither of which had as yet been audited. All public officers, 
except the Dikasts, were bound to render an account of their office 
within 30 days of its termination, the Aoyio-rcu, and their assessors 
the evdwoi, being the court which held them responsible, cre^avovv 
• depends on idourtov. — Teixoiroios. See iEschin., pp. 35-57. This 
office was the most important branch of the whole department eirlvTa- 
rai drjfxocTLOjv Zpywv. It was probably annual in tenure. — BewpiKw. 
A special fund reserved for the expenses of public solemnities and 
entertainments, the money was derived in part as a Xeirovpyta from 
private citizens, but mainly from the public treasury. Athens was 
notorious for its sumptuous expenditure on such events as the festivals, 
sacrifices, embassies to great gymnastic contests, theatricals, etc., etc. 
From the Theorica, 8iavofiaL (largesses) were also occasionally made to 
the people. The surplus of the fund was originally ordered to be 
given to other state expenses. But according to the law of Eubulus 
(Demosth., pp. 1346-1348) this became illegal. That law was not 
repealed until 339 b. o. — p,f| avayopevav. The construction is here 
•changed as if KekevovTwv had preceded. Whiston. — Kcuvf], sc. elcroSq}, 
sup. Kacvols. — 4xK\T|<rta. The crown was to be conferred at an actual 
sitting of the public assembly to increase the formal solemnity of the 
compliment. — rip.T]p.a. Damages. An indictment for irapdvofxa was 
one of the ay Coves tl/xtitoL, sup. 14, a/ywvcs Kal Kpwreis. — kXtit^ocs. 
When a summons was being served (/cX^cris), witnesses of the citation 



152 NOTES. 

were required by trie law to be present. The prosecutor usually took 
two (p. 1251, 1. 5), and their names were naturally appended at the 
foot of the bill of indictment. — 'Pap.vov<rtos. Ehamnus was on the 
east coast of Attica, six or seven miles to the north of Marathon. 
Pliny mentions it (IV., 7) as still existing in his time. It was famous 
for its statue of Nemesis. Rhamnusia Dea, CatulL, LXVL, 71 ; Ovid., 
Met., 111., 406, Trist., V., 8, 9. 

56-59. SUCH ARE THE POINTS OF THE INDICTMENT. I WILL 
TAKE THEM IN THE SAME ORDER AS HE DOES. HlS FIRST AND 
PRINCIPAL OBJECT OF ATTACK IS MY OWN POLITICAL CAREER. AL- 
LOW ME, THEREFORE, TO DWELL UPON THE HISTORY OF THAT PAR- 
TICULAR period. Hereafter I shall fully justify Ctesiphon 

RESPECTING THE OFFENCES SPECIALLY CHARGED. 

56. P. 20, 1. 2. avTwv. These eery points which he attacks in Ctesi- 
phon's decree. The juxtaposition of dt/cat'ws and airoXoyno-o/Acu has 
suggested a misconception of 5t/cat'ws in 6. There, however, St/catws 
refers to the conduct of the court and not of the orator. — 5. rd|iv. 
Instead of following the order of the prosecutor in his speech as he 
(iEschines) demanded (contra Ctes., 206), the orator, with good rea- 
son, follows the order of the charges in the indictment. This is not, 
therefore, as alleged in the note of Holmes, inconsistent with the 
remonstrance in the first section, but rather in strict accordance with 
it. — 57. 7. irp&TTovTa. From this word to dyadov an actual citation 
of the Psephisma is implied. The rod before yp&\pai substantives 
e7TGU"c7z> likewise. Both genitives depend on Kpiaiv. — 10. Kpio-iv. 
On the written statement that I [act as a patriot], and the praise bestowed 
for such conduct, your judgment, I think, must be formed from my political 
proceedings. A similar use of kv has been already noticed, 19, kv oh 
rjixapravov. — 13. elVe Kdt. This nal between efre and the second alter- 
native has a special force noticed by Dissen. It always implies that 
the speaker himself decidedly prefers the first alternative. So p. 193, 
eh' 6p6us kyu \oyl£op,ai et're /cat fx-h : Plato., Thecet., 65, /cat £k toijtwv 
k-wiTKbpei eiT€ tolvtov ei're /cat a\\o €Tri<TT7]p,7) /cat ala S >-no is ■. So imme- 
diately below in 58. — 58. 14. o-refyavovv, as Kennedy rightly says, 
depends on KeXevcrai in the next sentence. We may render the pas- 
sage : his directing that thpy should crown me and proclaim the crown in 
the theatre, without having ivritten the extra (irpos-) clause, "as soon as ever 
he has passr'd his audit." 6 8e prjrcop ykypacpe top virevOvvov arecpavovv 
^ vpoo-dels 'ktreidav 6% \6yov /cat e&Btims.' iEschin., p. 58. — P. 21, 



NOTES. 153 

1. 1. Koivtoveiv. Has to do with. The /iev which follows is answered 
by the fievroc immediately after en. — 4. iv tovtois, amongst the citi- 
zens. — eiT€ Kal fj.T|, or it may be not, implying that he was worthy of it. 
Whiston. — 5. SeiKTeov elvcu. Madv. Gk. S., 84, b. ; C. 682; Cu. 
596; G. 281; H. 804. — 7. airXws. The antithesis of rexvucus on 
p. 222, second hypothesis. Without artifice. — 59. 9. diraprav. 
Divorce my speech from the indictment, i. e. wander into other topics. 
The verb is rarely used, and certainly its first meaning is to suspend 
from, but also from its etymology it would bear the translation [bind 
and] drag away. ov8e didovruv tuiu KaipQv ' A/MpiTr o\iv de^aadai. duvaiad' 
dv, air 7] pr 77 [xev 01 Kal reus irapaaKevais Kal reus yvdifxats. Phil., I., 
p. 43. "Being fettered and kept away both by the state of your 
armament, etc." Lprd Brougham, as cited by Whiston, here happily 
remarks: "The extreme importance to Demosthenes's case of the 
skilful movement, so to speak, by which he availed himself of 
jLschines's error and at once entered on the subject of his whole ad- 
ministration, — thus escaping the immediate charge to which he had 
no answer, and overwhelming his adversary by a triumphant defence 
on ground of his own choosing, — requires that he should again and 
again defend this movement, which he here does very carefully." — 
12. ^"ypapLjievos. Perfect middle of yp&feadcu. The prosecutor 
causes the defendant's name and offences to be inscribed on the charge 
sheet. Hence the voice, in this usage. For he who prosecutes in the 
psephisma the statement that I speak and act for your best interests, and 
who has impeached this as not true, he it is that has made, etc. xf/rjepiaw- 
tos is limiting genitive with to \£yetv...fAe. — 15. elm Kat. In the 
next place when there were many lines of public life open to my choice. 
Whiston. —16. 'EW^vikcis. So on p. 263, 1. 3, he distinguished 
between rh Kara ttjv ttoKiv TroXireijfiaTa and to. 'EWrjviKa, Home policy 
and Foreign. 

60 - 65. I BEGIN THE HISTORY FROM THE DATE OF MY OWN CA- 
REER. GEEECE WAS THEN TEEMING WITH TRAITORS WHO PLAYED 

into Philip's hands. For the policy pursued by Athens I am 
responsible. i now ask the question, which party was it 
right for our state to join, the cause of philip or the 
cause of Greek independence \ And looking at the fatal 
sequel, who can doubt that athens chose correctly ? 

60. 19. irpb to-0. Sup. 18, and note totc, ib. — 20. irpo-uXape. He 
alludes to the capture of Amphipolis in the year 358, of Pydna in 
7* 



154 NOTES. 

357, and Potidsea in 356. — 21. &. 8i€kio\v8t], Philip had several 
successes, not enumerated here, in the period immediately following 
the orator's entry on public life, e. g. the conquests in Thrace, 27 ; 
hut the only object in dwelling on this stage of history is to mention 
all of Philip's checks and failures, so far as they could he attributed to 
the orator's line of policy. — 22. ktri<ny\v. Took my place in this 
sphere, literally = stepped into this post of duty and continued to 
stand there. On this pregnant force of iiri, see Madvig, Gk. S., 79 a. 

— 23. vfy&p. Render, in submission to an inquiry. Stronger than 
didovai, 8. — {nmircov. Having first premised thus much, biro- here of 
the foundation and substratum for his subsequent argument, tovovtov 
with a force of limitation. — 25. \nrr\p^. Possessed to begin with, the 
same sense of too-. — 61. 26. <|>opdv. A harvest, .or crop, analogous to 
our use of yield. Diodorus copies the expression (XVI., 4), <f>opd tls 
-n-podoTuv inrrjp^e. So also, <popd p-nrbpwv irovqpQiv, iEschin., p. 87. Cf. 
271, and note there. — 27. Geois e\Qp(av. God-detested. The phrase 
is used almost as if it were a single word (sup., p. 241, 1. 12, and p. 
611, 1. 15), otherwise the abrupt introduction of the dative would be 
rather inelegant. — P. 22, 1. 3. Kal irpdrepov = even before. — 4. In 
)£€ipov 8ic9t]K€, he brought into a still worse state of mind (disposition). 

— 6. 8i€<TTi]<r€V. Split them up into many factions, the interest of all 
being one and the same, 8u<rrdvcu, sup., 18, Sieio-nfiKei. The participial 
clause is best preserved in its original form for translation, being anti- 
thetic but not strongly concessive. — 7. KwXvetv. In the position of 
a genitive case, in apposition to rod <jvp,$epovTos, and explanatory of 
it. — 62. 9. <rvvi<rTa|X€vov. Gathering. The passive voice. <rv- 
<rrdvTOS, 18. hols T|fi.dpTavov, 19. — 11. irpoo-TJicov. Proper. This 
auxiliary use of fjv constitutes the strongest form of the imperfect 
tense, Madvig, 180 d. — irpdrTeiv Kal iroieiv,«fo achieve and effect. So 
-rrpd^ei /cat iroi7)<rei, p. 327, 1. 28. The distinction of the meanings is 
scarcely perceptible, but iroieiv has a sense of creation, which Trpdrreiv 
does not share, irpdrreLv a sense of achievement, which is not common 
to iroieiv. Whiston renders, what course of conduct and action. — 13. 
iro\iT€ias. Partitive, depending on ivravda. The present tense and 
the emphasis on eyu must be carefully preserved in translating. The 
man who set himself in that department of the administration am I. — 63. 
15. d«}>eio-av. To have sunk her spirit and dignity, and in the position 
of Thessalians and Dolopians, to have aided Philip in acquiring the su- 
premacy of the Greeks. rd%ei sup., 13, note s. v. The strong feeling 



NOTES. 155 

against the Thessalians we have seen already in 43. Dissen remarks 
that both they and the Dolopians had fought with the Persians 
against the Greeks. Herod., VII., 132, 185. The Dolopians, a rem- 
nant of the Pelasgic stock, were in scattered localities between Epirus 
and the foot of Pindus. — 20. kojXvo-ci. The strict constniction 
would require the optative, but the future indicative is more vivid, 
and" grammar is sacriliced accordingly. —21. irepuSetv. To allow 
without interference, to overlook. This verb admits various constructions, 
being followed either by a participle, or by an infinitive, or by an 
adjective with ellipsis of the participle, or by an accusative of the 
person with ellipsis of the infinitive. — 64. 21. dXXd. Nay but. 
There is no transition implied. He only repeats in stronger terms 
the contents of the previous sentence. — 22. 'iycaye. I for my part 
should Wee to auk the severest critic of what has been done, which sort of 
party he would best have liked to have our city belong to. — ■ 24. cruvamas. 
Conjointly to blame for, not accomplice, which would be fxeralTios. Cf. 
iEsch., Eumen., 199. — 25. i}s &v. This dv, and the one which fol- 
lows immediately, give no sense of distribution to the relative, but 
qualify the optatives only. Sup., 16. ^s is genitive of property, with 
yeveadcu understood. — 27. Trepieopaicuias. The perfect of opdw and 
its compounds has no double augment in pure Attic, although the 
imperfect has. Many editions here erroneously substitute w for the o. 
Cf. Lexicon. — P. 23, 1. 1. irXeove^as. This taunt is unjust. Ar- 
cadia and Messenia sought for protection against the tyrannical power 
of Lacedaemon, and Philip alone could give them the assistance they 
required. Their conduct was in no way venal, as the word ir\eove%la 
would imply. — 65. 3. &irrj\\&xc«ri.v. Have come off. In this in- 
transitive force d-rraWdcrcreiv always requires to be supported by an 
adverb. — 7. ■fjv &v is preceded by o/xws, in most editions, and ovk is 
inserted before evavTiwdevruv. The latter alteration is very suggestive 
of a copyist's taste and discretion. And the manuscript evidence is 
wholly against the ovk. The sense of the text as above is excellent. 
He says, if Philip had done no harm, but only good, there would have 
rested [in spite of much which had justified the opposition — still] 
a certain amount of blame upon those who had opposed his policy. 
The insertion of o/xwj will not affect the general sense, but that of 
ovk would destroy it. Eeiske earnestly defends the ovk, but no other 
editor has done so. — 9. dijia>p.a. Dignity or authority as distinct from 
actual power. Philip., 3, p. 28; iEschin., F. L., 42. — T|Y€fi.oviav. 



156 NOTES. 

Leading position in reference to smaller states, who looked up to them 
as their actual superiors and chiefs. The Thessalians had several 
such dependents forming a Hegemony. Miiller, Dor., II., p. 65. — 
4\ev0eptav. Pugna ad Chozroneam interiit, ut constat, Grozciai libertas. 
(Dissen.) — 10. iroXtTetas. Constitutions, i. e. democratic constitu- 
tions, TipavvoL being appointed by Philip to supersede the existing 
irokLTeLat., in the various cities where the step was possible. 6<r«v is 
genitive after TrepieXeadai understood. 

66-78. To resume: what was the city to do when it saw 
the encroachments of philip ? what was i, your political 
adviser, to do, when i felt so deeply for the honor of 
Athens, and saw so clearly the character of her aggressor ? 
i pass over his remoter encroachments ; but when he came so 
near to ourselves and broke all faith and treaties, were 

WE THEN TO DO NOTHING ? It WAS HE, NOT WE, WHO BROKE THE 
PEACE. I PRODUCE OUR DECREES AND HIS LETTER TO PROVE IT. 
AND AS TO MY SHARE IN THE PROCEEDINGS, I WAS NOT THE PRO- 
POSER OF EITHER OF THESE DECREES ; NOR CAN YOU, iEsCHINES, 
BRING FORWARD A SINGLE DECREE SUBVERSIVE OF THE PEACE 
WHICH HAS MY NAME TO INDORSE IT. 

Q6. 14. dpx'fjv Kal rvpavviSa. A dominion and sovereignty. The 
words, as used here, are nearly synonymous both with each other and 
also with dwaarela, empire, in 67. Strictly dpxv is of any official ruler 
(or body of rulers) as the head of affairs ; the term applies to any 
form of government, including even a republic : rv pawls applies to 
the rule of a single despot only ; but bvvaareia might also describe a 
combination of oligarchs. Cf. rr\v bwaareiav r\v rives tQv h rrj j3ov\y] 
iavroLS Karaa-Kevd^ova-Lv., p. 1467, 1. 16. — 16. <rtifj.pov\ov. Your 
adviser : the technical description of an orator when acting as a poli- 
tician, rbv irepl tlov irpureluv <t\jpl(3ov\ov, inf., p. 297 (fin.). So 
Aristotle (Rhet., I., 1) divides oratory into the three heads, vvfxfiov- 
\evTLKbv (deliberative), SiKavuibv (forensic), and i-mdeiKTiKov (declama- 
tory). — 17. Ifie. Myself I mean: emphatic and in apposition to 
<tv/jl(3ov\ov. The difference which he attributes to his own political 
measures as compared with those of his contemporaries, he rests on 
these two personal grounds : (1) that he had realized better than 
others the nature of Athenian ambition ; (2) that he had also realized 
better the career and the aims of Philip. — 18. <rvvrfiav p.e'v is 
antithetic and preliminary to eupuv de", while on the one hand I knew... 



NOTES. 157 

on the other I saw. Both verbs are followed by the accusative with 
the participle. — 19. avefir\v. Ascended the Bema: ascended it, he 
means, for the first time ; here the phrase, of course, is merely the 
technical description of taking a part in public business. We have 
the more vigorous expression avairvSav eirl to (3r]/j.a in p. 78, 1. 29. — 
20. irpon-elcov. Primacy. So in the singular ; rr\v rod irpcoreiov irpoal- 
peaiv rfj iroXet 5ia(pv\&TTet.i>, p. 331, 1. 24. to TrpwTeiov elx?, p. 151, 
1. 8. — 21. xP'HF taTa K - r - ^« Money and men, so sup., p. 231 (Jin.). Ice- 
land's rendering, blood and treasure, is decidedly beyond the mark. — 
67. 25. 6<f>0aXfi6v. The date of this is probably 354 b. c. "His 
ita gestis Philippus iam non contentus submovere bella, ultro etiaui 
quietos lacessit. Q.uum Methonam urbem oppugnaret, in prsetere- 
untem de muris sagitta iacta dextrum oculum regis effodit." Justin, 
VII., 6. 13. Methone on the Thermaic gulf is there alluded to, not 
the Thracian Methone. But see Grote, who dates the event at a 
somewhat later period than Justin. Cf. also Diodor., XVI., 31 and 
34; Polyam., IV., 15. — 26. 4kk€ko|x}1€Vov. Constructed frequently 
thus, with an accusative of respect. Cf. eW e^eKoirTjv irpoTepov top 
6<j)da\p.bv Xidip, Aristoph., Nub., 24. eKKOTrels 6 8ei\cuos ap.<poTepovs 
tovs 6(pda\fMo6s, iEsch., p. 24, 1. 31. The verb in the active voice 
is connected with ocpOaXpLov, in a well-known passage, p. 744, 1. 20, 
edv Tis eva '^xovtos 6cf>8a\p.bv eKKOif/y afMpoo avT€KK:6\J;ai irapix^'-v. — kXciv. 
The Scholiast says this happened in the expedition of Philip against 
the Illyrians, 344 b. c. Plutarch alludes to the wound (Mor. 177 f). 
The form Kkeiv for the more normal Kkelda is a subject of copious com- 
ments in the Lexica. Cf. Etym. M., p. 318, 1. 25 ; Schol. Horn. //., 
E., 146. [Dissen and Schafer .] — i-fry X et P a > T ° o"Ke'Xos. This, 
according to the Scholiast, was on his return from the Scythians and 
Triballi, in 340 b. 0. So also Justin, IX., 3 (but speaking only of a 
wound in the thigh): " In femore vulneratus est Philippus." Plu- 
tarch alludes to Philip's lameness. Qurest. Sympos., IX., 4. 1. — 27. 
|i.e'pos. Sacrificing any and every part that Fortune might like to filch 
from his body, so that he might live with the relics thereof surrounded by 
honor and glory. As to the antecedent p.epos being drawn into the 
relative clause, the construction is very common : irav o, tl iraax^v tls 
irados hvoiav foxei vbvov irpocrprjTiov. Plat., Tim., 86. See Madvig, 
G. S., 101 a. b, etc. ; C. 553 ; G. 154 ; H. 809. The emphasis of 
irav is thus increased, as Whiston rightly notices, citing Dissen. The 
verb Trapcupeiadcu is rather of robbery than mere deprivation. Cf. 



158 NOTES. 

7r6\eis irapripr)Tai ovoev airy irpoa -quota as, p. 289, 1. 5. P. 24, 1, .2. 
ry Xoi7rw = all that was left; as in 69, Xonrov = the only thing remain- 
ing, — 68. 4. &S6|a>. Pella was insignificant in the eyes of Greece 
until it was invested with Philip's renown. t Cf. in the De Halonneso, 
p. 78, rbv e/c Ue\\7]s 6pfJLiJ)p:evov. — 5. TO<ravTT]v...iyY€V£<r0ai, that it 
became the man who was brought up in Pella to have reached such an eleva- 
tion of mind, literally, that such an elevation of mind should have 
been generated in him. — 9. 0ea>pT||xa<ri includes everything under 
the observation of the eye or mind, — not to be limited to the theatri- 
cal dramas (as Kennedy), nor to spectacles (as Drake). Whiston's 
paraphrase is far better : everything that meets your ears and eyes ; but 
even that is inadequate. We may render perhaps in every expression 
and every contemplation. — 11. avTeKayyi\Tov<$. Somewhat redundant 
in connection with eOeXovrds. We can combine the two by para- 
phrase ; of your own free-will and accord. Better with Whiston, by 
your own offer, and of your own free-will, avrr] (dtivafiis) Trdpeo-riv avre- 
Trdyyekros dvev klvovvuv /cat bairdv-qs didovaa eavr-qv. Thucyd., I., 33. 
For edeXovras cf. Lys., p. 181, 1. 36, and p. 182, 1. 9. — irapax«>pi]- 
crcu. Concedere. Cf. ov yap eir evvola y e/zot 7rape%c6pets eXiribwv Kal 
£rj\od Kal TLpiCov, p. 317, 1. 9. irapaxupw cot rod fir)p.aTOS. iEsch., 
p. 77. — 69. 16. £ypa<f>ov, ivas the mover of your resolutions, and the 
adviser of your counsels. Whiston. — Kal eyw. i" myself Another 
example of the intensive /cat. Sup., 3 iroXXd p,ev. — 18. irdvTa. Dis- 
missing all the rest, dismissing all of Philip's remoter conquests from 
our present consideration. Amphipolis, Pydna, and Potidsea ("always 
enumerated in this order." Grote) were captured by Philip in three 
successive years, commencing with 358 ; the island of Halonnesus 
probably in the year 345. The inhabitants of the adjoining island, 
Pej)arethus, attacked Halonnesus in 342 b. c, and ejected the Mace- 
donian garrison. Philip then attacked and devastated Peparethus. 
See Winiewski, Comment., p. 128, etc. ; and Vomel's dissertation on 
the De Halonneso. — 70. 20. Seppeiov. Cf. sup., 27. — AopurKOv. 
Also in Thrace, captured by Philip with other Thracian towns in 345. 
— 22. Ov8'...o!8a. I do not so much as know whether they occurred or 
not. In the same sense as iravra r&XXa dcpeis. On el as the usual 
particle to introduce a simple dependent question, see Madvig, G. S., 
199, b. 2. — 23. 2x P av > i- e - enmity with Philip. — 24. EiipovXou 
of Anaphlystus. Sup., 21 {fin.). Ruhnken, Or. Gr., p. 65 sq. ; 
Bockh (Econ. Ath.), p. 242. According to others his deme was Pro- 



NOTES. 159 

balisia, but this correction is not adequately supported. He was the 
constant advocate of peace-policy, and so far acted in concert with 
Phocion. A stronger connection afterwards subsisted between Eubu- 
lus and iEschines as leaders of the Macedonian party. — 'Apio-To^oiv- 
tos of Azenia probably, iEseh., p. 81, 1. 39. Demosthenes calls him 
Seivbs \eyew, adv. Leptin., p. 501. There were two other persons of 
the same name who belonged to this period : Aristophon of Colyttus, 
c. Mid., p. 584, and Aristophon the Archon Eponymus of the year 
330, when this oration was delivered. See Clinton (Fast. Hell., II., 
p. 147), and Bohnecke (Qucest., I., 659). Eubulus and Aristophon 
were both dead at this time. Whiston. — AioireiBovs. The com- 
mander of the Athenian forces in Thrace, 343 b. c. While Philip 
w r as engaged against the Thracians in the north, Diopeithes attacked 
the sea-coast of Thrace, and captured two of the cities. Philip, 
unable to crush him by force of arms, tried, but without success, to 
induce the Athenians to recall him. See the speech De Chersoneso. 
— 25. ijicGv, i. e. the decrees were their proposal, not miner. — 6vt«v = 
although they were. — 71.26. ovZ4 = not even. — 27. Evj3oiav. Philip's 
intrigues in Euboea commenced probably about 349 b. c, when he 
promoted the hostilities between the Euboeans and the Athenians, 
but the peace of 346 then suspended his operations. He resumed 
them in 343 towards the close of the year as we gather from c. Philipp., 
2, compared with the de F. L. Cf. De Chers., p. 98, 1. 23 sq. — P. 25, 
1. 1. <r<|>€T€pi£dfJievos. Annexing; more exactly, appropriating. — 4m- 
T€C\ia-\ia. A base of hostile operations, p. 133, 1. 22. Tvpavvlba atravTL- 
Kpv ttjs 'Attiktis eirereixLO'ev v/J^v ev rrj Eu/3oi'g. We have the form ewi- 
TeixurfJ-os, 87. Thuc, I., 142, etc. — 2. Me-y&pois. Philip attacked 
the city (probably in 343 B. c.) at the invitation of Pterilaus, Ptoeo- 
dorus, and Helixus, pp. 368, 435. Phocion, however, rescued Megara 
then, and it did not fall into Philip's hands until after Chseronea. 
Hence the word, e-mxei-p&v. — 3. 'flpeov. Oreus, Eretria, and Porth- 
mus were the three cities of Euboea which afforded the most con- 
venient bases of hostility against the Athenians. Philistides was the 
leader of the Macedonian party at Oreus, Cleitarchus at Eretria. 
The date of Philip's success was probably 342 b. c. Cf. pp. 98, 99, 
104, and again 112, 115, 125. — 5. 'EXXtjo-jtovtov. Philip's fleet 
had possession of the Hellespont in the year 342-1. He com- 
menced the siege of Perinthus in 340, but, after three months' un- 
successful blockade, he withdrew a part of his forces to make an 



160 NOTES. 

attack on Byzantium. The combined fleet under Phocion succeeded 
in protecting the city. Plutarch., Demosth., 17, Phocion, 14. — 7. &s 
p.ev...ds Se. For rds pcev, and rds 5e, the regular inflections of the old 
demonstrative ros, as we find 6s in Homer, and koI 6s in prose. Whis- 
TON. — 8. KaTcl-ycav. Bringing home. e\6eXv pcev ets yijv £<tQ' 6tco pcerfj 
Trarpas • | (pevycov d' dvrjp ijicei re Kal Karepxerac Aristoph., Ran., 
1163, 5. — f|8iK€i. The imperfects here describe the acts of Philip 
as a continuous and protracted course of outrage. — 11. ^ ji^j, sc. 
(pavrjvai. The orator might have written ?) oii (sc. exprjv) ; but the 
construction he has chosen is the more vigorous of the two. The 
difference may be stated thus in paraphrase : ?) p.rj= ought he to have 
abstained from coming forward? and ?) ou = was it not his duty to 
come forward? cf. C. 686, c. g. ; Cu. 615,' 61 fr ; G. 283, 3, Note ; H. 
536, 537. — 72. 12. Mvow Xeiav. The notorious proverb describing 
a helpless victim. The state of Mysia, as exposed to pirates and brig- 
ands in the absence of its monarch Telephus, is said by the Scholiast 
to have given rise to the phrase. Harpocr., s. v. Mvacov. The 
proverb is quoted by Aristotle, Rhet., I., 12. Telephus belongs to 
the mythical period of the Trojan war. Paus., X., 28, etc. Euripi- 
des made him the hero of a tragedy as we see from the amusing pas- 
sage, Arist., Ach., 430, etc. — Ka\ovy.ivr\v = so called, or, as the phrase 
is. odcrav is complementary to 6<pd?)vai and denotes state emphatically 
= to be seen in the state of the Mysian booty, as the phrase is. — 13. £«vt«v 
Kal ovtwv. The same combination, p. 935, 1. 16 (quoted by Reiske) : 
Tcp.oSrip.cp Kal vvv 'ire ffivrc Kal 8vrc A very weak conjecture has been 
made of bpeovreev in lieu of ovtcov. — irepi€ip"yacr|xai. P. 154, 1. 20, aol 8e 
klvSvvos ei p.r]8ev t&v dWoiv ir\eov Trepcepydaec, dXXd rovvavrlov aol pcev 
e£ ccv epydfei Kal Trepcepydaec... The sense of irepcepyd^eadac is to exceed 
the proper limits of operation, hence to over-do it, to over-meddle. Ken- 
nedy uses the latter word in translating the passage cited . "Whiston 
renders, superfluous has been my labor in speaking on these subjects. A 
good example of irepcepyd^eadac will be found in Herodotus's well- 
known story about the Samian exiles, III., 46 ; also in the charge 
against Socrates, Plat. Apol., 19, c. — 20. irpoXe-yav. So again inf., 
p. 306, 1. 1, and Antipho., p. 126, 1. 17, trpo\ey ovtcov (cautioning) 
avrcp twv aWcov carpdv. — 21. irpo't'€<r0ai. Sup., 67. — 73. 22. Kal 
P-tjv. And, as to the peace, I protest (p.r)v) it was he who broke it (when 
he seized those ships), it ivas not the city. See 139. "At the same time " 
(340 b. c.) "it appears that he now let loose his cruisers against the 



NOTES. 161 

Athenian merchantmen, many of whom he captured and appropriated. 
These captures, together with the incursions on the Chersonese, served 
as last additional provocations, working up the minds of the Athenians 
to a positive declaration of war." Grote. — 25. tis. Who is to 
blame for what. Here and elsewhere tls, as an interrogative, approxi- 
mates somewhat to the relative 6<ttls. Strictly, however, there is 
always a difference, which we have to ignore in translating, as it can 
only he conveyed by paraphrase ; e. g. here (pavepbv — We shall see the 
answer to the question, Who, etc. ? Again, p. 962, 1. 20, ov yap opu 
Kcupbv ev rlvi /xaWov av tls fio-qd-qaeiev aire}. " The opportunity which 
answers the question 'In what crisis, etc. ? ' " Pind., Nem., VII., 56, 
ovk ^% w efaeiv | "rtvt tovto MoZpa re\os ep-Tredov | &pet,e. "I cannot 
solve the question 'To whom, etc. ?'" Many other instances might 
he cited. — P. 26. M'H^IUMA. Another spurious document, de- 
fended however by Vomel, and in part by Bohnecke. There is no 
historical mention elsewhere of the capture of these ships by Amyn- 
tas and their subsequent restitution. Other indications of spurious- 
ness will be noticed in their place. — NeoicXe'ovs. No Archon Epony- 
mus at this period is recorded as bearing the name. Theophrastus 
was the Eponymus of 340 b. c. — jiiivos. The mention of the day 
of the month is omitted. — o-vykX^tov. This required to be sum- 
moned by the Prytanes as well as by the Strategi. — Koirpeios. Of 
the deme Coprus, which was in the tribe Hippothoontis. But it is 
clearly the famous Eubulus of whom he is speaking, and we know 
his deme to have been Anaphlystus. Sup., 70. The only various 
readings are Kvirpios and Kvdriptos. — vcuiapxov. "Whiston appears to 
think that a genuine document would have had arparrjyov here. The 
word vatiapxos, however, is used by Thucyd., VIII., 16, 20, and by 
Xen., Hellen., V., 1. 5. — KaTayr|OX€V. Cf. 39, €lcrayr|ox.oTas. /card- 
yeiv rd 7rXo?a (of piracy). Lys., p. 150, 1. 11. — 74. |xe|i\|/i[xoip€i, as 
Whiston rightly says, is a word belonging only to the Greek of a later 
period. Luci., Jup. Trag., c. 40 ; Polyb., IV., 60. 9. In any case it 
would be most unlikely to be used in a formal and solemn document. 
Before on ov p.. we have to supply cprjcrovcnv from 5t.a\e£;ovTcu. The 
construction is awkward and unusual. — irXT]|j.[xeXovvTa. Another 
awkward ellipsis. "We supply with "Wolf, [tov vaiapxov AetoSap-avTa] 
\a,p&v. — 6XiY<op&s. Here neglect of duty. The classical use is simply 
neglect and contempt in general. — d|Lav. So £yp.iav /caret rrjv d^iav e'i- 
\-r)<pe, p. 155, 1. 13. — I8ia. Wilfully, Kennedy interprets. Others 



162 NOTES. 



A more exact translation would be on their own account, i. e. 
without provocation or justification. — d-yv<o|J.ovovoriv, are committing 
trespass (Kennedy). This is quite classical. Xen., Hell., I., 7. 33. — 
diroo-TeCXas. Either the man who gave or the man who has received the 
commission, i. e. either Philip or Amyntas. - — Xe'-yeiv depends on etirev at 
the beginning of the psephisma = that they (the ambassadors) state this 
also. A few codices prefix yp&xjsai, others substitute it for Ae7ew. — 
75. 2. 'H^Tjo-iiriros, p. 129, 1. 18, ^schin., c, Ctes., 118. A strong 
partisan of the Anti-Macedonian side at Athens. Envoy to Philip 
344 b. c. See pp. 81, 84, 85, F. L., 364. Supposed author of the 
De Halonneso. — 'Apio-To4><iov, 70. - — 3. ^iXokp&ttjs, 17. — KTj<|>io-o<(>a)v. 
Sup., 21, in connection with Eubulus. One of the envoys to Philip 
on the peace question, and the friend of iEschines. — 4. irdvTcs ol 
&XX01. He ceases to enumerate the individual names and compre- 
hends the rest of the proposers in one formula ; clearly he refers to a 
large number of psephisms which he is turning over as he speaks. — 
MrH^ISMA. Also spurious. As being merely fiovXrjs yvup-y (by vote 
of the Boule) it should have been entitled irpofiovXevp.a. But this mis- 
nomer is only consistent with its other deficiencies. — NcokXIovs. Sup., 
73. — dveveyKovTcs, having reported. A rare Attic use of the word at 
this period. Thucyd. (V., 28) has av-qveynav robs Xdyovs h re ras 
apxte ical tov drjfjiov. The word xPV^t^ €LV is technically accurate for 
transacting business (in the ecclesia). liplv tKelv-qv (fiovXty) xpywrlo-ai Ka i 
irpofiovXevaai. 169 (fin.). Here it means, introduced for the consider- 
ation of the boule.— cnvaKO\L&r\s = restoration.— &$w-s, releasees used 
to express the same thing in the preceding psephisma and the following 
letter of Philip. —P. 27. 'Apio-To<|>wv KoXXvtcvs see 70. The name is 
also spelt KoXvTretjs. The deme referred to was in the tribe ^Egeis ; 
whereas the tribe Hippothoontis is cited as irpvTaveiovaa. But still a 
member of the tribe iEgeis might have been a irpdedpos at this time. 
He might, that is, have been one of the nine wpoedpoL from the nine 
<pvXai who were out of irpvTaveia. So Bohnecke argues. It is singu- 
lar that even Kennedy should accept this and the preceding document 
as genuine. For -wpvTavela and irpdedpos see Lexicon and Diet, of 

Antiq. 76. 4. &v '4\ois. This, as referring distinctly to the future, 

contrasts well with the conditional sentence of past time which im- 
mediately follows : el yap...Trape<rx ov -> if y ou l l °d 0een a ^ e a ^ ^ ie wn ^ e 
(imperfect) . . .you would now have brought it forward (aorist). Sup , 9. — 
77. ELTISTOAH. This document is clearly spurious, though ac- 



NOTES. . 163 

cepted by Kennedy, and defended, as usual, by Yomel and Bohnecke. 
The siege of Selymbria by Philip, which is here alluded to, is nowhere 
else so much as mentioned in any historical record. Yet the sieges of 
Byzantium and Perinthus, which belong to the same period, are con- 
stantly referred to by Demosthenes, Philochorus, Diodorus, and Justin. 
See Grote. — x a ^P elv depends on ypdcpei or some similar word, which is 
omitted here as in classical and sacred epistles generally. — 7rp€crf3€v- 
rat. The form Trpeo-fieis is, no doubt, more usual to express envoys in 
the plural, as Newman observes. Whiston, however, cites Deinarchus 
c. Demosth., 22 : tQv irpeafievT&v cos tovtov eXdbvrwv. A more interest- 
ing passage is in [Andocidis] c. Alcibiad., p. 28 {fin.) : irpea^evrds odv 
Trdvras vfids 77/xets oi Trpeafieis iroiovixev ■ 6 yap ti)v x € ?P a fi^XXuv ai'peiv 
oSros 6 irpeo-fieijuv iariv, birbrep dv aiircp doicfj, nai tt\v elprjvvv /cat rbv 
irokejxov iroieiv. We may infer from this that wpecr(3eis was the tech- 
nical name for envoys, but irpevftevTai the more, forcible expression 
implying plenipotentiaries. — AecoSdjAcis. A correction suggested by 
Eeiske and adopted by Dindorf, as consistent with 73. The codices 
have Aao/xedwv. — Ka0' okov, absolutely. On evndela cf. 11. — At]|xvov. 
Lemnos still belonged to Athens, according to the peace of Antalcidas, 
as did also Imbros and Scyros. iEschin., p. 37 ; Xen., Hist. Gr., 
Y., 1. 31. — PoTjG'irja-ovTa 8e. Supply ws dX-rjdQs, in contrast to irpo- 
<pa<nv jxev which precedes. — 78. <rw€Tdx8iV The verb cwTdcraeLv is 
usually of military operations to arrange, drill, or discipline, — its exten- 
sion here to mean these orders were given, is post-classical, although 
Hesychius, cited by Schafer, gives 'Zvprd^ec^irapayyeXei. — I8u«m3v 
fxe'v. The letter, if genuine, might have been expected to exclude 
Demosthenes (76) in some specific manner ; but this description out 
of office would apply at that time to him as much as to any one. 
— <f>t\oTt}j.ov[jL€Vft)v. Ambitious, somewhat ironically put. Cf. <piXo- 
rifiias, 66. — cruvT€Te\€cr9ai. Perfectum significanter positum de re 
quam isti quam primum ratam videre velint (Dissen). Bather of 
the full and complete accomplishment of that purpose which they de- 
sire. And so in the very instance Dissen quotes, p. 91 : irepl toijtwv 
8 ' ofyai tt]v TaxlvTrjv avpL^epetv /cat PefiovXevcrdcu /cat irapeaKevdcrdaL. — 
irpdo-oSov, a source of revenue. Tcis av^dx^v <rv[X(popd% trpoabdovs rots 
irpeafieo-i. F. L., 159. 

79-84. Philip himself has made no mention of my name. 
Indeed, had he done so, he would only have revealed 
his own disgraceful conduct and my patriotio resistance. 



164 NOTES. 

i thwarted him by proposing the embassies to eubcea and 
to the Peloponnesus, by proposing the military movements 

WHICH SAVED THE ChERSONESUS AS WELL AS EUBOSA. THIS 
BROUGHT YOU THE GREATEST GLORY AND STRENGTHENED YOUR 
POSITION WITH YOUR ALLIES. BUT A FORTUNE IN MONEY MIGHT 
HAVE BEEN MADE BY A MAN WHO WOULD HAVE PLAYED INTO 

Philip's hand about Eubcea, as jEschines says that I did : 

iEsCHINES, WHO ENTERTAINED IN HIS HOUSE THE ENVOYS OF 
THESE EUBCEAN TYRANTS ! I WHO RECEIVED A CROWN OF HONOR, 
UNQUESTIONED BY iEsCHINES, FOR OVERTHROWING THEIR POLICY ! 

79. P. 28, 1. 1. ovSajiov. The spurious document mentions, it is 
true, no special names whatever except those of the ambassadors ; yet 
nothing can be more pointed than ibnarQv as referring to Demosthenes. 
Had this been the genuine document the orator would never have 
brought it forward. _ Again it nowhere specifies rots dXAois whom 
Philip is described as iyicaXQv here. — 5. d\6^.r\v. I clave: that is, 
with the tenacity of a determined foe = laid hold of, grappled with, as 
rendered by Whiston. The emphatic position of the words and the 
form of the imperfect tense should be noted, for with these I loas con- 
tinually grappling and these I was constantly opposing. — 7. irpeo-peiav. 
Dated about 344. c. Philipp. 3, p. 109. Demosthenes himself was 
one of the legates as well as the proposer of the psephism. — 8tc irpa- 
tov. On the state of Greece at this time, cf. Philipp. 3, p. 115. — 
8. irapeSveTO, was trying to steal into. He did not actually invade the 
Peloponnese till after Chseronea. i] yovv irapavofiia avrv padlus Xav- 
Bavei irapadvo/neur). Plato, Rep., 424 d. — T-fjv Is E#j3oiav. b. c. 342. 
■ — 10. ovKeri. The psephism on this occasion was to authorize the de- 
spatch of a military force to Eubcea, a step beyond the mere commis- 
sioning of envoys. The date was 341-340. Phocion commanded, 
and his efforts were successful. Diod., XYI. 74. — 'Eperpiav. This 
is the same expedition which first liberated Oreus and then Eretria. 
Cf. iEschin. c. Ctes., pp. 67, 68, for the other side of the question. — 
11. rupdvvovs. 71. — 80.12. cnrooToXovs, naval expeditions. Dissen 
considers that the revision of the trierarchic laws (105 sq.) is partly 
alluded to here, as well as the actual despatch of the fleet. — direo-Tei- 
Xa. Of course, as Schafer remarks, 2ypa\}/a d-jroarelXai is what the 
orator means, p. 262, 1. 15 : t&v cltt oaroXcov ycyvop.evuv nark rbv vb/xov rbv 
£p\ov. — 13. XeppovTjoros. 73, note ical fjwjv. — 14. itovtcs ot <rup,p,a- 
X<h. He alludes to Proconnesus and Tenedos and the like, p. 326. 



NOTES. 165 

— 17. vp.iv depends on ireLcrdetaiv : those who took your advice, as opposed 
to those who neglected it. twv dSiKOvpe'vwv is genitive of the whole 
after the partitives rots p£v...Tois U- irepieyevero is to be repeated 
with Tb...fj.e,uvrja6aL ical vop-ifriu. — 81. 24. virdpxeiv, to have these sub- 
stantial materials for your injury, inrdp^ai 1 note. — 25. IfjeXe-yxeo-Gai. 
The verb e£ek£yx eLV means to investigate and expose; e£erd£e«' (inf.) 
to question merely. — P. 29, I. 1. iravTaxov, anywhere: cf. the use of 
iravruv, 5, note. — 82. 5. KareXvov. This very technical use of Kara- 
Xveivis easily traced : the verb signifies 1. to unloose (sc. the sandals), 
2. to rest, 3. to lodge. irap' i/xol yap Yopyias /caraXiyei Plat., Gorg., 447 B. 
The expression is common in Plato, but rare in the orators, who em- 
ploy the word more commonly of dissolution, destruction, or termina- 
tion. — 6. irpovfjeveis, were their public host. The office of irpb^evos was 
analogous to that of our own consul, and the consul is called irpo^evos 
in modern Greek. For full particulars see Diet. Ant. Hospititjm. 
— avrtov. The genitive follows irpo^eveiv always in its literal sense : 
it is a possessive genitive (= elvai irpo^evov avrCov) the visitor having a 
claim on the plighted friend of his native city : p. 194, 1. 18 ; p. 1237, 
1. 17. In the secondary sense, to address, to recommend, irpo^eveTv is 
followed by the dative : p. 969, 1. 18 ; p. 1250, 1. 20. — 8. ?j<rav. We 
have to supply o'i for the subject out of evs before r) iroXis. — ov to(vw 
lirpdxO'H, accordingly none of these things was effected, which Philip and 
his partisans designed. "Whistojst. — 9. o-iwirai pe'v. That I hold my 
tongue when I have got a fee, and raise my voice when I have spent it. 
^Eschin., p. 85, 1. 8 : <ri> 5' olfiai \afiuv fiev aeaiyrjKas, duaXdocras 5e tce- 
Kpayas, i. e. you accept a bribe to induce you to be silent, but when 
the money is gone you break your silence and your word together. — 
12. &Tip.wcravT€s, by disfranchising you. See Bockh (Econ. Ath., I. 
409). If iEschines failed to obtain the fifth part of the votes he would 
be liable to disfranchisement. This was called iirwpeXLav dcpXelu. Cf. 
p. 834, 1. 25 ; p. 1251, 1. 2, etc. The object of such penalties was to 
prevent prosecutions on insufficient grounds. — ovtoi, sc. the judges. 
■ — 83. 13. tovtois, i. e. my successful resistance on this occasion to 
Cleitarchus and Philistides. — <rvXXapds, the same identical words : lit- 
erally, syllables. 86o avWaftds -rrpoadeis, p. 270, 1. 22. irdvra rbv 
vop.ov jxexpi- tt]s vaTaTTjs avWa^ijs, p. 734, 1. 23. This Aristonicus is 
incidentally mentioned with honor by Demosthenes (below, 312) as 
having contributed for the salvation of the state after the disastrous 
battle at Chssronea a sum of money which had been collected by his 



166 NOTES. 

friends as the means of recovering the iiririfila which he had lost. — 
16. Iv tw Scarpa). These words are very important, I think, for the 
true interpretation of devrepov Kyptiy pharos which follows. We know 
from iEschines (c. Ctes., p. 58) the exact terms of the law which di- 
rected these proclamations. If the crown was conferred by the j3ou- 
\rj, the locus of proclamation was to be the (3ov\evT7)piov ; if by the 
5rjp.os, the locus of proclamation was to be the Pnyx at the time of an 
€KK\r}<jia ; these, according to the cited law, were the only two places 
in which the said proclamations could legally be made : firjda/xov &X- 
Xodt I. c. iEschines is careful to insist upon this, as, of course, one 
point in his accusation depended entirely upon it. He then an- 
ticipates his opponent's reply, saying that Demosthenes will quote 
another law, rbv LiovvcnaKov vbjMov,, which permitted an exception 
to the law already cited. According to this Dionysiac law, it was 
quite legitimate for such proclamations to be made, not merely in the 
two places specified, but also in the theatre itself, if only a special vote 
should have first been passed by the Stj/jlos to sanction the exceptional 
proceeding : vbp,ov dedcjKora, e^ovalav TroieZcrda.1 tt)v dvdppTjacv rod <rre- 
(pavov Tpayipdois iv rep dedrpu} eav ■ty r r\(p'LGr\Ta.i 6 StJ/aos. This exception, 
according to iEschines, only applied to a crown conferred by a foreign 
city on an Athenian. But the orator contradicts him in 120. Of course 
as a locus of proclamation the theatre had the advantage of consider- 
ably greater publicity, being open to all at Athens, citizens and stran- 
gers alike, whereas the (3ov\evTript>ov and the e/c/cXi/o-ta would only 
admit the presence each of their respective members. The addition 
therefore of ev r£ dedrpep enhanced the notoriety of such a donation ; 
it also enhanced the compliment, as it implied that the services of the 
o-T€<f)avoijpLevo5 were cosmopolitan instead of merely Athenian. We 
can well understand that whereas the grants of crowns were common 
enough at this time at Athens, it was not quite so common to receive 
the grant of a crown which would be proclaimed in the theatre. It 
would only be done in the event of special and peculiar circumstances, 
deserving special and peculiar honor. Demosthenes says, below, 120, 
[ivplovs pvpLCLKLs K€Krjpvxdai, but this is an obvious hyperbole : he only 
means that the exception to the law had very constantly been taken 
advantage of (but in each case, no doubt, on some plea of exceptional 
reasons). Had it been the normal practice thus to proclaim the 
crowns, that particular point of the indictment, which iEschines urges 
so strongly, would have been a simple absurdity. — 16. SsuTcpov. 



NOTES. 167 

And whereas the present is now the second proclamation in the theatre 
which is coming off in my honor. We may paraphrase thus : Whereas 
this proposal of Ctesiphon's that my crown should be proclaimed (in 
the theatre) is not the first honor (of the same exceptional kind) which 
I have already received, but the second. "With Kvpvy/uutTos we supply 
eery dear pip, carrying on the idea of the words from where they occur 
immediately before. As to toijtov, the pronoun itself can hardly refer 
to any proclamation but that proposed by Ctesiphon ; any other 
would probably be e/ceiVou. But the tense of yiyvo/xevov is what most 
forcibly points to the same conclusion ; it is an instance of the present 
with the force of a future, when the speaker feels certain that the 
future event is to come off almost directly. The orator speaks in fact 
with the confidence of a winning cause : he is so assured of Ctesi- 
phon's acquittal that he looks on his own crown and its proclamation 
as things that are actually in the present. (On this use of the tense 
see Madvig, 110, a. 3.) Had he referred to his previous crowning 
which was proposed by Aristonicus, he would infallibly have written 
yevoixevov here. The interpretation may rest entirely on this change 
of tense as contrasted with the aorists ypdtpavros and avapprjdePTos. 
As regards the . number of occasions on which it was proposed to 
crown the orator, we have his own assertion to iroWaKis avrbs iarecpa- 
vCoadai. irporepov, 120. Historically we can trace but four occasions : 
(1) on his own proposal, in 346, when he returned from the first 
embassy to Philip ; (2) on the proposal of Aristonicus, in 340 ; (3) 
on the proposal of Demomeles and Hyperides, in 338, vid. 223 ; (4) 
on this proposal of Ctesiphon. I believe occasion (2) was the first 
when the crowning was to be proclaimed in the theatre ; and occasion 
(4) was the second (devrepov toijtov) of the same exceptional kind. We 
arrive at this result by a simple process of exhaustion : roirov cannot 
refer to (1) or (3), because the present context mentions neither of 
them : and it cannot refer to (2) because of the tense of yiyvop.hov as 
has been explained above. Eeiske and Schafer, though referring tov~- 
tov to Ctesiphon's proposal, do not, I think, appreciate the point of 
iv ry deaTpca : at least they pass it in silence. Bohnecke refers tovtov 
to the proposal of Aristonicus. And Whiston apparently inclines to 
that view himself. Indeed, Eeiske is partly converted by Bohnecke's 
showing the probable fact that Aristonicus' crr^cpavos would be the 
second in order of time. But this is at most a mere coincidence. See 
120. — 84. "^H^ISMA. This document has more claims to be 



168 NOTES. 

regarded as genuine than any which have preceded. Its contents are 
fairly in harmony with what is on record elsewhere. But the in- 
scription and the date are full of perplexity. The Euboean affairs to 
which reference is made occurred in the last six months of b. c. 340. 
This compliment to Demosthenes would naturally have been paid at 
the beginning of 339, when, as he says below, the matters were still 
vea /ccti yvibptfia (85). Of that year Nicomachus was the Archon Epo- 
nymus. Chserondas only came into office in 338. The addition of the 
name "Ry/ifiovos is also perplexing. Its natural meaning would be the 
son of Hegemon. But no psephism of the time of Demosthenes ever 
recorded the name of the Archon's father. Now there was a man of 
some mark who bore the name Hegemon, belonging to this period 
(c. Aristog.,-p. 784; Plut., Phoc, 33), and who would doubtless have 
been very eligible for the office of Archon Eponymus, though we do 
not know that he ever held it. Possibly, therefore, some copyist, de- 
tecting the inconsistency of Xaip&vdov, wrote 'Ryrjfiovos above it, as 
a conjectural emendation, and subsequently both the names may have 
been embodied in the text. This, I presume, must have been Do- 
bree's reason for wishing to expunge Xatpdbvdov here, and retain 'H717- 
/xow? alone. — <Ppedppios. The deme Phrearri is mentioned by Har- 
pocration as belonging to the tribe Leontis, and designated after the 
hero Phrearrus. — iroWds.-.TrapeoxnTai. A common formula, as 
Bockh has shown (Corp. Inscript.), occurring in documents of this 
nature. Xpdas = services, is rare in the orators : their usual sense of 
Xpela is need. But cf. Antipho (p. 121, 1. 11) : r?}s xpetas tov ttcuSos 
diro<XT€p7]9u}. — P. 30. Kaivois, 54, note. — dva-yopevo-cws. Post- 
classical. Plut., Marc, 4. The Greek of the period would be avapprj- 

aews. d"ya)vo0e'Ttiv. General name for the umpire or steward at any 

of the public contests, athletic, dramatic, or otherwise : used meta- 
phorically by jEschines, p. 79, 1. 29 : dycovoderrjs TroXtTtKrjs aperr}*. 
85, 86. Did this decree, as ^Eschines suggests, make you 

RIDICULOUS IN THE EYES OE GREECE ? THE MERIT OF AN ACTION 
IS JUDGED AT THE MOMENT. Do NOT ALL THE HISTORICAL CIR- 
CUMSTANCES BELONGING TO THAT SPECIAL EPOCH ATTEST THE 
VALUE OF MY SERVICES ? 

85. 2. x^^ao'P'OV- Scoff: in p. 705, 1. 2, we have the cognate 
form x^fa<ria. — 4. vea ical "yvwpip.a, fresh and notorious, cf. note on 
^H$I2MA, 84, as to the date. — 6. <os €T€pa>s. 212, quite otherwise, 
by euphemism for /ca/cws, which the preceding /caXws would suggest as 



NOTES. • 169 

its obvious antithesis. t& erepa i/^t'owrcu oi diKacrral, p. 1175, 1. 19. 
— «S = quite. See lex. See also 34, &repov. — 86. 11. tu vlkolv. Dative 
of the instrument : by the fact of my carrying my measures. The fuller 
phrase is vlkolv ^(pia/Aa. iEschin. , p. 63, 1. 21. vlkolv rfj ^j/rjcpq}, Id., p. 39, 
1. 36 ; vlkolv yvcb/aas, Aristoph., Nub., 432. — 12. \4y<av Kal Ypd<{>o>v limits 
vlkolv — in my speeches and motions. — tw KaTairpaxOfjvai and Ta>...Tre- 
iroir\o-Qai are in the same construction as ry vlkolv, and Bremi calls at- 
tention to the life and vigor which is imparted to these clauses by the 
omission of the connectives. — 14. irpoo-oSous, i. e. to the temples = sol- 
emn processions. — 15. ireiroifjo-Ocu, perf. middlle = caused to be made. 

87-92. Failing in Eubcea, Philip attempted to cut off 
our supply of corn, and with this view, to seize byzan- 
TIUM. Who rescued Byzantium ? You, the state. Who ad- 
vised you ? I. That policy secured your prosperity for 
the time, and gained you the vote of thanks from Byzan- 
tium AND THE CHERSONESUS. 

87. 17. tois p.£v 8ir\ois, k. t. X., in arms indeed by you, but in states- 
manship and resolutions by me. Here the dative expresses the instru- 
ment, while the agent is expressed by viro with the genitive. — 18. 
SiappcrycSo-i, burst, i. e. by straining their lungs to contradict me. 
Sup. 21. Rumpe miser tensum iecur, Juv. , Sat, VII., 117. — 20. o-Ito> 
...lireio-dKTO). Bockh calculates the amount of corn imported to 
Athens at about a million fiidipLvoL ; the main supply being from the 
neighborhood of the Pontus. 71750s diravra rbv Zk tlov aXXcov ifnropicov 

d(f)LKvovjULevov b ix rod IL6vtov eiairXiiov iariv, p. 466, 1. 24. P. 31 1.1. 

^tov. The verb &%i6<o, from its first sense to think right, comes to 
signify demand or claim, often with a notion of doing so arrogantly or 
authoritatively, as here. Cf. p. 553, 1. 19 ; p. 570 {fin.). — 2. ovh' 
Im, and said that they had not made the alliance on these terms, which as- 
sertion was true. Their refusal was mainly owing to the eloquence of 
Demosthenes as the envoy of Athens at this time (340 b. a). Cf. 230, 
244. The orator appears to have foreseen the designs of Philip on 
Byzantium some months prior to this, pp. 93-106, and p. 115.— 
4. xapaKa. Technically, vine-prop or stake: here, by synecdoche, for 
Xap&KWfxa : stockade, intrenchment. Bekker reads the latter ; but 2 has 
%dpa/ca, and there is a gloss of Harpocration's xo-Ro-kol = xapd/cw,ua. 
On p. 71, 1. 20, we have x^P^KLOfxara Kal rdxv xal rdcppoL. Onp. 568, 1. 16, 
XdpaKas is simply timber. — 5. p.'nx "^!"*™, having planted artillery : the 
expression indicates the severity and formality of the siege. Toi/s to, 
8 



170 NOTES. 

fAflXavwaTa icpLaravTas, p. 115, 1. 7. Grote quotes from Athenceus, eirtdo- 
<nv Se £\afiev tj tomivtt) pLTJX&voTroL'ta airacra.. . Kara rty QCKLinrov rod 'Ap.vv- 
rov fiaaikelav ore iiroXcopKCL Bvfavriovs QIXlttttos (fragm.), as showing 
that the siege of Byzantium formed an epoch in the history of besieging 
enginery. — 88. 6. o-ukct', i. e. he had repeatedly asked the question be- 
fore: 72, 66, etc. — rbtyeis. See C. 522, d; Cu. 379 ; G. 141, N. 6. — 12. 
&7rX<3s, in a word. This adverb qualifies the whole sentence between 
itself and Si8o6s, not to be taken in connection with a<pet8u>s, unspar- 
ingly, which merely qualifies dcdovs. The force of the imperfect par- 
ticiples should be noted and expressed : who was it that was all the while 
speaking and writing (making motions) and acting, and in a word giving 
himself unsparingly to the public welfare. — 89. 15. evcrrds, which was 
then upon us. The aorist participle has the force of a full. perfect par- 
ticiple : here we must regard it as a pluperfect, the consecution being 
historic ; lit. = which had then established itself among us as a fait ac- 
compli. "War was actually declared in the midsummer of 340, when 
the Athenians passed a formal decree to remove the column on which 
the peace of 346 stood recorded. Diodor., XVI., 77. See Grote. — 
16. dvev. Besides, prceterquam quod. Non excludit sed una quoque 
complectitur (Keiske). — 17. Siij-yev, kept you in greater abundance and 
cheapness of every necessary of life. dpaxpy /ecu x o " c KC ^ rirrapaiv 6(3o\dis, 
ibcnrep acrdevovvra rbi> Srj/xov Siayovcriv, p. 1459 {fin.). — 18. rf]S vvv. 
Sarcastic : the peace of these days: that conceded by Alexander. With 
ynpowiv sq. cf. 323. — 19. jisXXouo-cus, with their prospective hopes; no 
doubt sarcastically quoting some favorite phrase of the other party. — 
20. <5v, k. t. X., which hopes may they fail to realize and share those bless- 
ings [instead] which you with the noblest of aims implore the gods to bestow; 
and never may they [the traitors] impart to you what they have deliberately 
chosen for themselves, i. e. may the traitors be disappointed in what they 
expect to get from Macedon ! may they share, however, the common 
blessings of their native land ! but may they never induce you to 
share in their corrupt proceedings, or to partake the rewards which 
such baseness aspires to win ! The various reading, pi-rj before ycterd- 
axoiev and /xrjSi (for fi-fj) before fieTa8olev, alters the blessing of the 
former clause into a curse. The reading of S (which I have retained) 
gives the more generous tone to the sentence, but it may be doubted 
whether the other is not more vigorous and Demosthenic. There is 
nothing harsh in the asyndeton of pL-q — -wporipnvrai, as regards the pre- 
ceding clause. The entreaty and the deprecation stand side by side, 



NOTES. 171 

in effective contrast, and the contrast is emphasized by the omission 
of the connecting particle. — 23. Bv£avTicov. Subjective genitive. 
In 92 he prefixes the irapd. — 90. ^H#I2MA. This document is 
suspected of being spurious, partly on account of the mixture of the 
dialects, partly because it mentions Byzantium and Perinthus as 
though they formed one united state, which we know historically was 
not the case. Dindorf is inclined to accept it as genuine ; and so are 
Vomel and Bohnecke, as usual. But Droysen and Ahrens profess to 
detect "certissima fraudis argumenta." — Lepo[xvd,u.ovos. The name 
of the chief Byzantine magistracy, not to be confounded with the 
Attic use of this name for "envoys to the Amphictyonic council," 
148, etc. Whiston suggests that he was a religious officer, perhaps 
the high-priest of Poseidon, and adds, that this practice of naming the 
year from a religious officer prevailed in other Dorian states. Ken- 
nedy translates eirl lepofj.udfj.ovos, inthepresbytershipof. — Bocnroptx<w- 
Dorice for Boairopixov. Ahrens denies that the Byzantine dialect ad- 
mitted the severer Doric changes, (1) w for ov and (2) t] for et : it was 
more akin, he says, to the Lesbian and Ionic. In the present docu- 
ment we have eleven more examples of (1) (/3w\c£, QiXLinrw, rw, rcbs vo- 
(jlws, tws T&cpcos, tu> ddfio), tCjs <XT€(pdvcjs), and one example of (2) {^p-ev 
for dvcu). The form dfii is Lesbian, and eTriaTtoivTcu pure Ionic. — 
dXta. The Doric equivalent for exKknaiq.. — [3<o\as. More properly 
yepovaias. But see Miiller, Dor., II., p. 91. — pa/rpav. The Doric 
equivalent for Trpo(3oij\evp.a. Miiller, ib., p. 170. Schafer, however, 
takes it = i^ovaiav rod \<hyeiv. — P. 32. Sia/reXe'ei. The present tense 
is much affected in documents of this nature, (Sup., 84, diareXel: ev- 
vovs &v.) The consecution here is all primary. — <rvy"y€V€<ri. Plu- 
tarch {Qucest. Gr., c. 57) says that Perinthus was colonized by the 
Megarians and Samians. Dissen. Byzantium also was founded by a 
colony from Megara with a mixture of Argives. — SevSpoKoire'ovros. 
This catting down of trees is always noticed as a prominent feature of 
Greek invasions and raids. Aristoph., Pax, 627, 9, Ach., 232, etc. 
Kaieiv Kal KOirreiv is the favorite combination in Xenophon. — dp.e. 
aixixe is the Doric equivalent for rjfxds. — 91. Bv£avTt«v Kat. The 
article ry'should have been repeated before TlepivdLwv to indicate that 
they were separate states. — eiri'yap.iav. Right of intermarriage, en- 
titling the alien to share the national privileges of the native mar- 
r i e( l. — gyKTacriv yds. Right of holding house and land by purchase. 
Strictly forbidden to an alien at this period in all the Grecian states. 



172 NOTES. 

— ttotC. Dorice for irp6s, as irbdodov for irpocrodou. — perd to, Upd, i. e. 
immediately on the proceedings being formally opened. They began 
always with sacrificial solemnities. — dXeiTOvp'yTJTOis. Excused from 
all public services. On the XeirovpyLcu of other states as well as the 
Athenian, see Bbckh's Econ. Ath., Yol. I., Amer. ed., pp. 584, 689. 
See also Die. of Antiq. — clicdvas. The nature of the group of statues 
to be erected is clear from the context. A figure representing Athens 
would be sculptured as receiving a crown from two other figures rep- 
resenting Byzantium and Perinthus respectively. Dissen quotes very 
aptly a similar case from Polybius (V., 88, 8), where Rhodes was 
sculptured in the Ehodian exchange as receiving a crown from Syra- 
cuse. Whiston quotes Pliny (H. N., XXXY., 36, 5), who speaks of 
Parrhasius' statue representing the Arjfios of Athens. — 92. \l r H < l , I- 
2MA. This document is probably spurious. Droysen, p. 812. — 
Xeppov^o-iTwv. The Thracian Chersonese is referred to, in which 
these four towns had been razed to the ground by Philip 341- 340 b. c. 

— dirb TaXdvTttv €£tjkovtci. " d-rrb hoc est ex, ut Herod., VII., 65." 
Dissen. So again 102. The general solution of this passage is to 
suppose the talent here spoken of to have been the small golden 
talent, equal to six Attic drachmae (weight) of gold, i. e. sixty of 
silver. Bockh {Econ. Ath., I., 39). But the question of the value of a 
talent in the Chersonese and other remote states is in great obscurity. 
Smith, Diet. Antiq., Talentum. — x°P tT °S Pwp.6v. Altar of thanks- 
giving. So fiwixoi Si/oys Kal evvo/xlas, p. 780, 1. 22. — TrapaCnos "yeYOve. 
Hath helped... to obtain (Kennedy). The phrase is of no uncommon 
occurrence in similar votes of thanks. — ttjs ^iXlinrov. "We may 
supply at discretion dpxv*> Svvdfieus, x et P^s, or the like. Dissen pre- 
fers the last, citing ^Eschin., c. Ctes., p. 90, eic t&v x eL P& v ei-eXfodcu t&v 
^Cklincov. But the plural in such a case is more natural than the 
singular. — rd lepd, i. e. the temples and all thereto appertaining, 
including the national religion. Cf. Thucyd., IV., 98, rbv 8e vbjxov 
to ts "EiWrjcrip elvai &v dv rj to icparos t??s yijs €K&aT7)s tovtoiv Kal rd lepd 
del yiyvevdai. — ovk cXXeuJ/ei. The subject, 6 dij/jbos tCov XeppoPTjaiTQv, 
is obvious from the context. 

93-101. My policy did not merely save these places, 
and preserve the freedom of greece, but it also showed 
the character of athens in the most brilliant contrast 
to the character of philip. and let me also justify my 
policy by an historical retrospect. look at the conduct 



NOTES. 173 

invariably pursued by your forefathers, and by the older 
among you, in the times of lacedemonian, and afterwards 
of Theban, supremacy. Athenians have always fought for 
honor and liberty. isto leaven of malice or revenge has 
ever degraded their feelings. 

93. P. 33,1. 1. ov p,dvov, 2, note, s.v. — 4. ij irpoaipeo-is ko.1 tj 
iroXiTcia. Dissen calls attention to this as a favorite expression of the 
orator. See 292, 317. Eender, My policy and administration. — 6. 
KaXoKa-yadiav. Spirit of honor. The combination of high physical 
and mental qualities, implied in the well-known phrase /caXos Kay ados, 
approximates, in its idiomatic usage, to our own expression "man of 
honor." Here we have the antithesis /ca uLav, baseness. — 94. 10. ot 
|xe|M|/d|xevoi...&v = ol epJ/x^aade av. C. 618; Cu. 595; G. 211; 
H. 803. — 11. ■f|-yvw|i.ovTJK€o-av. Their acts of trespass (74), i. e. in the 
Social War, B. c. 357-355 ; the then allies included, with Byzantium, 
Chios, Rhodes, and Cos. — 12. ov p.ovov. Showed yourselves not merely 
as bearing no malice and never; abandoning the victims of wrong, but even as 
working their salvation, cribfccv is not simply to deliver from danger, 
but to restore to a sound condition. — 17. crvp,j3o-uXov...p^Topa, a 
counsellor and orator I mean. He does not mean to deny that the gen- 
erals had sometimes been the means of the state being honored with 
crowns. — 95. 20. EvpoeW. iEschin., p. 65, trepl rCov Eipotuv irpu~ 
top fivrjadricTofjLai. The speech of iEschines as published does not con- 
tain any allusion to the Byzantines ; but the speech, as spoken, we 
must assume, had done so. — 22. f3\acr<4>r| pacts = defamations, <tvko- 
<j>avTCa$ = malignant calumnies. — 23. virdpxciv €i86ras. inrapxcw as 
an auxiliary verb presents the strongest form of the present tense. 
Dissen cites as parallels, p. 190, virdpxetv iyvcoKdres, and p. 527, iyvw- 
aixha virapxei. We have another instance in 228. "Whiston renders : 
Of this I believe you are already well assured. — 24. dXXd ko,1 t». . .xp^j- 
<rao-0cu, but also by the fact that it was for your interest so to conduct your 
affairs as I conducted them. The clause is dative of means, limiting iiri- 
5et£w. — 26. KaG* t>p,ds. In your time, literally in your track, i. e. in the 
path of your own lives: on /card, cf. 17 : kcit eKeCvovs. — 27. rfj 
iroXci = by the state, dative of the agent after a passive verb. C. 461 ; 
Cu. 434 ; G. 188, 3 ; H. 600. — P. 34, 1. 2. t<3v virapxdvrw. To 
shape all their future with reference to the best of their present. He quotes 
a general yvd)p.i) with a somewhat unusual application. The connec- 
tion shows that tuj/ virapxofTwv includes their antecedents together 



174 NOTES. 

with the present. — 96. 4. AaKe8cup.ovlwv. Yides tempus post Pelo- 
ponnesiacum helium describi. Dissen. — 5. app,oo-Tais, 18 : oi irpd- 
repov. — 6. Etf|3oiav. Captured by the Lacedaefhonians B.C. 411. 
Thucyd., YIII., 93. — Tdva-ypav. Xen. (Hell, V., 4) mentions that 
Tanagra remained attached to Lacedaemon after the rest of Bceotia 
went to war with her. The whole of Boeotia was in the hands of the 
Lacedaemonians from the close of the Peloponnesian war to the battle 
of Leuctra. — 7. Me'-yapa. Taken from the Athenians by Brasidas, 
424 b. c, and attached to Lacedsemon from that time forward. 
Thucyd. (IV., 66) mentions that the Peloponnesians garrisoned Ni- 
saea for the protection of Megara against Athens. — Afyivav. Lysan- 
der, in the year 405, restored this island to its original inhabitants 
whom the Athenians had ejected in 431. Xen., Hell., II. ; 2, Thucyd., 
II., 27. — KXetovds. The date of this city's capture by the Lacedae- 
monians is not recorded in history. It is singular, as Dissen ob- 
serves, that the orator should not have arranged the names KXeojp&s, 
Evfioiav, Atyivav, rds dXXas vhaovs. But the phrase "the rest of the 
islands," even standing independently of any island previously men- 
tioned, would always mean to Athenian ears the minor iEgean isles. 
Plut., Lys., 13, 14. — 8. ov TtLyr\. Cf. Plutarch I. c. Lysander 
destroyed the long walls, and limited the Athenian navy to twelve 
ships of war only : of/Ve vavs is therefore not to be understood as 
literal. — 9. ' AXiaprov. The scene of the battle in Boeotia, b. c. 395, 
where Lysander fell. The inhabitants of Haliartus had implored the 
aid of Athens : Thrasybulus with great energy had led the Athenian 
forces to the rescue. Pausanias only arrived the day after the battle 
with the Lacedaemonian reinforcements : he was deterred from further 
hostilities, made a truce and retired. — 10. KdpivGov. The centre 
of the Corinthian war, which lasted for eight years after Haliartus 
and was only concluded by the peace of Antalcidas, b. o. 387. The 
alliance against Lacedsemon was composed of the Boeotians, Argives, 
Corinthians, and Athenians, p. 40, 1. 20; p. 258, 1. 13. —11. &v 
Ixovtwv. Might have borne many grudges = KalroL cLv etxov. — 12. Ac- 
KcXetKov. The close of the Peloponnesian war was so called from the 
occupation of Decelea by the Lacedaemonians, its position on the fron- 
tier of Attica making it a convenient base of hostilities. — tow irpax- 
GevTtov is genitive of cause. — 97. 18. SiSdvcu. To give themselves up. 
A favorite use of the word, 80, d0«5cDs eavrbv didovs els r& irpdyixara. 
219, iSwKev eavrbv els ovdeu ttj TrdXei. The continual and customary 



NOTES. 175 

action expressed by the imperfects iiroiovv, eupwv, irpotevro, and ifdeXov 
should be noted. — irepas. For all mankind have death as their limit of 
life, even if one shut himself up and keep himself safe in a dove-cote. This 
is the meaning Harpocration assigns to oUUtkos, and the literal trans- 
lation seems most vigorous here. Whiston translates chamber or closet. 
The passage is greatly lauded by all the ancient critics, notably by 
Hermogenes, Aristides, and Rufus. Propertius (cited by Dissen) 
illustrates the sentiment, III., 18. 25 : Ille licet ferro cautus^se con- 
dat et eere, Mors tamen inclusum protrahit inde caput. — dpG«s...po\j- 
Xsvcjievoi in this emphatic position = and a right and noble decision it 
was. — 22. &7a6T|V is separated from e\iri8a to point the emphasis of 
dyaeots above. Good men and true — taking for their shield good hope 
and true. TrpopaXtadai fih> Evpoiav rijs 'Attiktjs, 301. See the same 
figure in Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians, vi. 16. — 98. 24. irpoYOvoi. 
There was an interval of sixty years at least between these events and 
the time when he is speaking. — irpeofilTepoi, i. e. when the Athe- 
nians under Iphicrates checked Epaminondas in his design of destroy- 
ing Sparta and compelled him to evacuate Laconia, in the year 369. 
Xen., H. G., VI., 5. — 25. Svras, concessive. — P. 35, 1. 2. ola ttc- 
ttoitjkotcov, reflecting what the men had done for whom you were to imperil 
yourselves. On relative pronouns used interrogatively, as ola here, see 
Madvig, G. S., 198, b ; H. 825 ; C. 564. As to the interrogative 
sentence in a participial form, cf. Madv., 198, a. Kara fxe fxadrjuas odv 
roiis ri iroiovvras to 8vo,ua tovto airoKaXovaLv, Xen., Mem., II., 2 ; 
H. 826; C. 566.-99. 8. {)7roXo7i€i«r0€. Take it into calculation: 
explained by 8ia\oyt<xdfxevot and the preceding words in 98. vtto- im- 
plying an underhand (as 8ia- a thorough) proceeding. — 10. Ev(3oiav. 
In the year 358 there were two factions in Euboea, one of which ap- 
plied to the Thebans for aid, and the other to the Athenians. The 
Thebans were compelled to yield, and the democratic constitutions of 
the several states were restored. Diod., XVI., 7; iEschin., p. 65. 
Dissen. — ©ejjito-covos. Themiso and Theodoras, the rvpawol of 
Eretria in 366 b. c, seized Oropus which was then Athenian. Peace 
subsisted at the time. The city was put into the hands of the The- 
bans, to be held by them until the question, who had the right to 
it, should be settled. The Thebans subsequently declined to give it 
up. This is the allusion in Aristot., Rhet., I., 7, where he mentions 
Callistratus and Chabrias as having been put on their trial. They 
had commanded the Athenian forces on this occasion. — 12. e0sXoy- 



176 NOTES. 

ra>v. The first instance of citizens volunteering to act as extraordi- 
nary trierarchs. On the general office of trierarch, see Smith, Die. of 
Antiq. — 14. &XX' oilirco, sc. eiiretv fieWw. On p. 403, dXXa fxrjiro} 
ravra (sc. eiirw). And indeed though you did a noble thing in saving the 
island, yet you acted much more nobly in that, when you had become masters 
both of their persons and their cities, you restored them justly, etc. /cai be- 
fore to awcu = also ; it emphasizes the comparison between the two 
clauses, and can hardly be expressed in idiomatic English. Karaardv- 
res agrees in case with the subject of k-Koi-naare, which is also the sub- 
ject of awodovvcu. — 100. 18. (xt]8€v <av, having taken no account of your 
past wrongs in regard to what you were trusted with: &v and oh by attrac- 
tion for eiceivwv a and tovtols a respectively : -ndUrjade, as a perfect 
tense, indicating the complete and serious nature of the wrongs. The 
sense of the passage is this : You did not take advantage of holding 
their property so as to appropriate any to yourselves, by way of indem- 
nification for past injuries received at their hands. — 23. cXeuGepias. 
Genitive of cause, without a preposition to introduce it. For the 
principle, see Madv., G. S., 58, a; C. 429. —101. 26. i-rrkp avri\s, 
on her own behalf, p. 74, ml (Qlkiinros) ireiroi-Qx ujxlv /xrj irepl t&v ducaiwjs 
ju.775' birep r&v '4%u> irpayfxdrwv elvai ttjv (3ov\tjv, dXX' virep tGw ev rrj %wpa 
Kal rov Trpbs 'Attiktjv iroXepcov. ■ — 27. PovXtjs o{5<rqs is gen. abs. denot- 
ing time and cause, when the deliberation was in a manner in behalf of her- 
self. — K€\cv(T€iv = urge, move. — P. 36, 1. 1. p.vTjo-iKaK€iv. ^ ne i ron y 
is obvious. As an example of vrj Ala, in irony, Winston aptly cites 
the c. Mid., p. 527, 1. 14, rls dvQpwKivy) Kal fxerpla o~kt}\J/is (pavelrai tu>v 
■jreirpayfxiuwv avrcp ; opyr) vrj Ala Kal yap rovro tv%ov X^et. — 4. T<3v 
-u-7rapxovT<ov...Ka\<3v, glorious antecedents. Whiston. Cf. note, 95. 
— 5. Xo-yto. . .to ye tpyov. The favorite antithesis of Pericles, Thucyd., 
II., 35-46 passim. 

102 - 106. I PROCEED, IN MY RETROSPECT, TO MY NEXT POLITICAL 
ACTION, WHEN I RECONSTITUTED YOUR NAVY, AND COMPELLED THE 
SECTIONS TO DO THEIR DUTY. HERE IS THE EVIDENCE. 

102. 12. KaraXvofievov, in a state of dissolution. /cardXixns rpcrjpovs 
6/mo\oye?rai avrrj elvai Trpibrr) 6rav ris fucrdbv fir] 5y, p. 1209, 1. 11. In 
that passage there is a play upon the word which would mean dis- 
banding as well as ruin. The' orator was at this time in office as tiri- 
<jraT7)s rod vavriKov, i. e. a Member of the Naval Board. iEschin. 
(p. 85). — 13. OLTcXets, immunes: exempted, dreXrjs rQtv dXXcov Xeirovp- 
yiQv, p. 565, 1. 4. — diro, at a cost of— the Latin pro: dirb rwv av- 



NOTES. 177 

t&v Xrj/xfiaTOjv crrpaTidyr^, i. e. at the same pay, p. 38, 1. 2. Cf. sup. 
dirb TaXdvTuv, 92. Dissen cites d-rrb <r/xiKpov Aristoph., Pint., 377. 
The wealthy citizens, when appointed trierarchs, used to contract for 
the whole expense of the office at a cost of one talent : cf. p. 364. — 
15. vorT€pi£ov<rav, missing for want of punctuality. vaTepi.ovp.eu dirdv- 
T(j)v y p. 49, 1. 1. tovs aTTo<TTo\ovs vcrTeplfeiv tQv Katp&v, p. 50, 1. 11. 
— 16. gO^Ka. Strictly the active ridevcu vbfxov would only apply to 
one despotic lawgiver. Sup., 6. Here the orator applies it to him- 
self, as he did before to Solon, to indicate the extent of his influence. 
The law in question was proposed by him b. c. 340. — 103. 20. 
■Ypcupels, having been indicted for this trial. The passive ypdcpeadai- (in 
this technical sense) is often constructed with an accusative of cog- 
nate meaning (see Madvig., G. S., 26, b.), ypa<prjv vfipews ypcupels ovMttw 
tovtuv 5Lkt)i> 8e8wKe, Isseus, p. 73, 1. 75. The accusative dyCova has 
to do double duty, depending on ypacpets in the above construction 
and also on eiarfkdov which follows. Cf. el<rrj\doi> ttjv ypa<pr)i>, 105. — 
21. curijXGov, sc. ei's to bLKacrrripLov. 7 came into court into your presence 
is the literal meaning here. Dissen remarks that elcrepxeo-Qai and 
elaievai are used both of the prosecutor (see p. 501, 1. 19) and of the 
defendant (see p. 1081, 1. 13). We may paraphrase the passage : On 
this count I was indicted and appeared before you and obtained 
acquittal. — to, sc. to TrepurTov, 82 note aTi[i.coo-avT€S. — 23. r)y€p6- 
vas. The Heads of the Sections. At this time (from 358 onwards) 
the expenses of the Navy were provided for on the same system as 
the Property Tax. Each of the ten tribes at Athens nominated its 
120 wealthiest citizens to serve as Subscribers (trvrreXets) to the Naval 
Expenses. These 120 were divided into two Sections (avfifiopiai) of 
60. Thus a company would be formed of 1200 Subscribers, divided 
into 20 Sections. By a separate subdivision they were arranged in 
four classes of 300 each, in reference to the actual amount of their 
property. The first (i. e. the wealthiest) class were entitled rjyefxoves 
or ir&vv irXovaiot or ol Tpicucbaioi. They appear to have served as a 
general committee of management, and, in the event of any sudden 
demand for money, it was their duty to pay over the amount at once 
to the state (c. Phcenipp., p. 146) on behalf of the whole Company. 
The remaining three classes (Ijttov TrXovaioi) would then reimburse 
the ijye/xoves by paying up their shares in instalments at their con- 
venience. By this system every vym-ek-hs paid exactly the same 
amount of tax, whatever the amount of his income. The reform 
8 * i. 



178 NOTES. 

proposed by the orator was, that the amount of tax henceforward 
should be in proportion to the respective properties. This change, 
of course, would be a great relief to the lowest class of avvreXeh, but 
the -rjy e proves, the derjrepoi, and the rpiroi would have obvious reasons 
for objecting. — 24. Scvrepovs, the Second Class, i. e. the second 
wealthiest 300. For fuller account of the Sections see Die. Antiq., 
ela<popd and av^fiopla. — SiSdvat, imperfect : were for giving me i. e. 
offered me: dpaxftas irevT-qKovra avroh edidov, p. 542, 1. 9. — 25. |xa- 
Xitrra |wv, if possible, lit. as most to be desired. This antithesis to el d£ 
pv{] is too common to require illustration. — 26. KaTa[3a,\dvTa,. I 
agree with Kennedy in taking this to mean after having proposed it 
(the law), lit. having entered it in the public register, kept ev r£ M97- 
rp&u), the Temple of the Mother of the Gods. Whiston and others 
prefer to interpret "having dropped it," as an expansion of edv. But 
I rather doubt this use of KarafidWeiv in the orators. We have, in- 
deed, in Aristotle, iroWol A6701 irpbs avra KaTapefiXyvTai ("thrown 
away upon") N. E. (3) 5 {fin.). — eav k. t. X., to let it drop under an 
affidavit. One method of obstructing a proposed law was for its op- 
ponent to take an affidavit that he would prosecute the proposer on a 
charge of wapdvojxa (13). This affidavit being taken, the piece of 
legislation had to be suspended until the action for irapdvo^a should 
have been settled. Matters being thus in abeyance, there was a 
famous opening for collusion and compromise : the prosecutor, for 
instance, might agree with the legislator that the former would pro- 
ceed no further with his action if the latter would proceed no further 
with his law. This or the like conspiracy is implied in the present 
passage. — {nr«|ji.o<rla. Harpocration mentions another technical mean- 
ing of this word= " oath of excuse on the part of a defendant," the 
object, however, being the same in that case also, viz., to "delay the 
proceedings." rb virepTtdeadai dlicr/v irpocpdaei xP&l xevov diro87)p.la 7) 
vbacp ij rivi .t&v irapairXrialwv pied' opKov. — 27. &<ra. An amount that 
I should be shocked to mention. Rhetorical artifice. Dinarchus states 
the amount at three talents, and declares that the orator took it. 
elcri rives ev to) diKaaTrjpicx) tQv ev tols TpcaKocrioLS yeyevrjpiivojv 60' odros 
eridei rbv irepl rpi^pdpx^v v6p.ov ; ov (ppdaere tols irXr)(rLov 6'rt rpia rd- 
Xavra Xaj3(hv pLertypcupe Kal //.erecr/cetfa^e rbv v6p:ov /ca#' endarriv iKKXrj- 
aiav, Kal rd p.ev eirdoXet &v elXrjcpeL rrjv ripvqv, r<x 5' aTrodop-evos ovk 
efiefiaiov; c. Demosth., p. 95, 42. — 104. P. 37, 1. 1. Kal tcu)t\ And 
very natural were these intrigues on their part. 'iirparTov, as the imper- 



NOTES. 179 

feet of uncompleted action. — ■Jjv -yap k. it. X. For under the previous 
laws they had to serve sixteen together, spending little or nothing themselves 
but grinding down the impoverished of the citizens; whereas, under my law, 
theij had to return the rated amount in each case according to their property, 
and the man appeared as trierarch of two triremes who previously subscribed 
a mere sixteenth to one. — 2. XeiTOvp-yeiv. This infinitive and Tidevcu 
which follows are the subjects of ty, on which avrois depends as a 
dative of reference. Madvig, G. S., 38, a ; C. 459. — 3. juicpd koL 
An instance of the Greek idiom which introduces the conjunctive 
particle where the disjunctive would be most natural, to 8va/j.ax6- 
rarov tQ>v it pay fxar wv v/juv /ecu ^Xtlcttov, p. 10, 1. 9. In such passages 
KaL is emphatic = yes, even. — 4. tovs diropovs, i. e. the fourth class 
of the avpreXeTs above described. — fariTpifiovviv. The orator uses 
iTriTpiftetv with another sense of ruin, p. 288, 1. 20, eiriTpi(3ei tovs ijpwas 
kci/cws vTTOKpLvo/iievos. — 5. to "yi-yvop-evov, the result produced: i. e. the 
amount arrived at- by calculating the rate on the whole amount of 
their property (/caret rr\v ovcriav). By the law of Nausicus (b. c. 378) 
the rate was one fifth. — gicaoTov, neut. agreeing with to yiyvbp.evov. 
Whiston appears to take it as masculine, but this is in defiance of 
the construction. — 6. 6. The ratable proportion of such a person's 
property must have amounted to twice ten talents, according to the 
second icaTaXoyos, 106. His property would therefore be one hundred 
talents, to yiyvofievov sup. note. — 7. Tpi-rjpdpxovs, i. e. evading the 
real duties of the Tpcnpapxt-a they had even dropped the name under 
the system of crvvTeXeca. — OvSi = not even. — kri = any longer. For 
they did not even any longer call themselves trierarchs. — 8. wore 8rj. 
Sooth, to get these reforms suppressed and evade the compulsion to do what 
was right, there is nothing in the world which they did not offer. "We have 
to supply avTol with the infinitive avayKaadfjvai. — 105. 11. KaG* '6, 
in consequence of ivhich I was prosecuted — that line of procedure which 
led to the result in question. — 12. KcwaXd-yovs. Schedules. The 
usual sense of KaT&Xoyos is a muster-roll or registered list. We should 
have expected the documents which follow, as Newman observes, to 
contain the names of citizens with the respective amount of their 
properties specified. As it is, they merely contain what appear to be 
fragments of laws. — ^H^ISMA. Clearly spurious from its con- 
tents. It is not a decree, but a mere historical memorandum. — IIo- 
XvxXe'oiJs. The date of the trierarchic reforms was 340. Theophrastus, 
not Polycles, is the Archon Eponymus on record. Dindorf. — rpit\- 



180 NOTES. 

papxi-Kov. Several codices insert eh to before this word. The sense 
would not be affected ; only in that case we must render in relation to 
the trierarchic department. The expression would be harsh and un- 
usual. Newman translates eh to k. t. X., "laid a copy of the law 
before the admiralty " ; an interpretation hardly tenable. — lirexeipo- 
t6vt]<t€V. Ratified the law. The eirtxeipoTovla popup is mentioned in 
p. 706, 1. 7. — dirrjve-yKC, sc. ypa<pyjv. Brought a charge; literally car- 
ried it off to the Archon. See note 54. — t&s ir€VTaKO<rias. Legitima 
erat mille drachmarum pcena sed minui poterat a populo. V. Lely- 
veld, de infamia, p. 235. Dissen. See Smith's Die. Antiq., Tpacprj. 
Observe the force of the article — the usual or legal. — 106. 14. KaXov. 
That precious, viz., the old one. Ironical : ndK-qv ye v(3pw %/j.ev <Lv vfipur- 
ixhoi, p. 128, 1. 2. — Ka\eio-8cu. The trierarchs to be summoned, six- 
teen for each trireme, iirl=per, distributive. For the use of the infini- 
tive here, see C. 670 : G. 271. — \6xo<-s. Usually of a military di- 
vision, but Aristotle uses it as correlative with (pparpla and (pi\n 
which are civil (Pol., 5. 8). It is generally supposed to be synony- 
mous with av/u/uLopLcus here. Whiston translates, according to the asso- 
ciations in the classes. — IttI i'<rov, to an equal extent, i. e. share and 
share alike, equally. — xopTj-yia. Discharging their office. x°P' here is 
not in its strict acceptation, but in the general sense of Xeirovpyia, 
which Wolf notices on the Leptin., p. 462, 1. 20. — P. 38. tovs rpin]- 
pdpxovs. The trierarchs to be taken for each trireme, according to their 
property by valuation, f ram ten talents upwards, awb first of the "origin" 
for the selection, secondly, of the "point from which" they should 
begin to reckon. The notion of /card Tip-ncnv has been already ex- 
plained : to yiyvbpievov sup. 104 note. — cdv Si. But if their property 
be rated at a larger sum, let their service be in the same proportion up to 
three vessels and a tender; i. e. for every ten talents in the rating let 
them provide one trireme ; but of this the following limit : no one to 
be called upon for more than three triremes and a small vessel of war. 
irXotov usually of merchant ships, but used as the generic name for 
any vessel. — ica/rd ri\v. And let it (XeiTovpyia) be in the same propor- 
tion for those persons also whose property [as rated] is less than the ten 
talents, forming themselves into a company to make up the ten talents, i. e. 
till the rated amounts of their joint properties make up that sum. 
The use of eh here, as of diro above, is somewhat harsh and over- 
strained ; but the meaning is obvious from the context. 
107 - 109. Was this a slight service of mine ? Did it not 



NOTES. 181 

transfer the burden from the poorer classes to the rich ? 
During all the war, thanks to my decree, there was no 

APPEAL FOR RELIEF PRESENTED BY ANY OFFICER. My POLICY 
WAS AS BENEFICIAL TO YOU AS IT WAS CONDUCIVE TO YOUR HON- 
OR. AS I DECLINED TO CONCILIATE THE WEALTHY THEN, SO AM 
I ABOVE SUSPICION IN THE MATTER OF PHILIP'S BRIBES. 

107. 4. tov. Genitive of the object of the price, or of the purpose. 
Madvig, G. S., 65, 6 ; C. 664 ; Cu. 573, 3 ; G. 262, 2 ; H. 781. — 
5. irXovo-ioi. We have to supply doKovacv from 8okQ> above. — tw. 
Dative of cause, aefivvvofiai more usually has eiri with dative, p. 617, 

1. 5. — Ka0i)(f>€ivcu. To compromise. Kadv<peis rbv dyuva, p. 525, 1. 26 ; 
p. 563, 1. 19 ; p. 652, 1. 21 ; literally to drop in an underhand manner. 
— 6. ovSe, and not only, the force of the p.6vov still continuing. Cf. 93 
and 2, note. — 7. ireipav SeSuKevai, to have given proof in action. 

• p. 663, 1. 19, irecpais tyyy \afiuv. — 8. irdvTa tov ttoXcjiov. B. a 340 
(73) to 338. — ■yi'yvofi.evGJV. Being appointed. — diroardXttV, sup. 80. — 
9. iKerrjplav '4Qr\Ki. Appealed, literally deposited a bough of supplication : 
the formal method of appealing to the state for relief. The bough 
was of olive, bound with wool (elpecridovr)). There were two forms of 
the appeal ; one to the potiX-n, the other to the 5%ios : in the former 
case the suppliant deposited his bough as an offering on the altar in 
the fiovXevT-qpiov ; in. the latter case on the altar in the Pnyx. — 10. 
irap' vp.iv, before you, sc. the people. Observe the emphatic repeti- 
tion of the negative oi>x--.ovk...ovx...ov without any connective. It 
may be expressed by none. — 11. Movwxi'a. The altar of Artemis 
Munychia ; so called from its being situated in the vicinity of the 
port. This proceeding was another form of appeal. Soph., 0. T., 

2, 3. — €Ka06^€TO, seated himself, that is, took refuge. — dirooroXeW. 
The Naval Board who superintended the affairs of the airoaroXoL. 
They were ten in number (p. 1147). From edtd-n which follows it is 
clear that they had the power of imprisonment. — 12. Igco, at sea, op- 
posed to avrov, in harbor. Observe the distinction between Kara- 
Xeupdeio-a, abandoned, and aire\ei<pdri, left behind. — 14. dv<ry€<r9ai. To 
put out. p. 910, 1. 7 : the antithesis to Kardyeadac, p. 96, 1. 27. — 
108. Iv rots irevrioiv. Thrown upon the poorer classes, to atnov is the 
accusative case. Madvig, G. S., 31, c. — P. 39, 1. 2. pdo-tcavov, k. 
t. \., malignant and malevolent and corrupt. The allusion in the author's 
favorite words, fiaaKavos, /3ao-/ccuVw, (3a<TKavia, is always to malicious 
mischief, the literal sense which refers to the evil eye being merged in 



182 NOTES. 

the metaphorical. We have f3do-Kavos again 119, 132, 242, 317. — 
4. ovSl Tcnravov is emphatic = no, nor mean. — 5. ^x <ov • - • <|> 0LV '*l o * o f xctt > 

I shall be shown to have, that is, it will be clearly proved that I have. — 
109. 10. dvri. In preference to. avrl ttoWwv xp^^tuv eXeadai, p. 9, 
1. 1. This use of the preposition is very common. 

110. I WILL NOW EEPLY TO THE SPECIAL CHARGES OF ILLEGAL- 
ITY IN THE MATTER OF THE PROCLAMATION AND THE AUDIT. 

13. KT)pvYpo.Tos...€u0vvwv, 55. — 16. t& [liyia-ra. He alludes to the 
sequel of his policy up to the date of Chseronea. — 18. tiiroXa|xfSdv6>v, 
k. t. X. Conceiving as I do, in the first place, that, next in order, I must 
render the explanation concerning the illegality itself (with which I am 
charged) ; in the second place, that, although I say not a word about the 
sequel of my policy, yet I shall equally (all the same) have to my credit -that 
consciousness of the facts which is in each of your hearts. 

ill - 116. i do not dent my responsibility to audit. but 
i do deny on principle that a donor is precluded from a 
vote of thanks because he chances to be an official. 
Other donors have received the thanks of the state for 
their donations though holding office at the time and 
therefore responsible as i was. i cite the decrees to 

PROVE IT. 

111. 23. &vo> Kal kcLto), up and down, the favorite phrase to indicate 
total confusion, p. 51, 1. 2 ; p. 120, 1. 19 ; p. 424, 1. 27. The French 
boideversement is analogous. — 24. Siaia>i«5v, jumbling. Kennedy. 
Perhaps the whole may be paraphrased in a bewildered medley. — ira- 
pa7€Ypa|X[X€va)v. Transcribed for comparison. The clauses of such 
laws as conflicted with Ctesiphon's proposal iEschines would exhibit 
in writing side by side with particular clauses of the latter. Cf. 
p. 640, 1. 20, ov rolvvv rotirovs \ibvov tov$ vdfiovs, & avdpes ' Adrjuaioi, 
Trapa(3ej3r]Kev dWa Kal aWovs iroXXovs oi)s ov Trapayeypd/j-fjieda 5i& to 
7r\rj9os. — 26. tovs iroXXovs, sc. vd/uovs, the majority of them. — t^v 
6p0TJv, sc. odov. Adverbial accusative. Cf. 322. — 27. too-ovtov -yap 
S«o. For I am so far from disowning my responsibility, as alleged by the 
plaintiff in his recent imputation and asseveration, that I own myself to have 
been responsible, my whole life through, for any commission or policy which 
I have sustained before you. diwplfcro describes the minute exactness 
with which iEschines had denned the illegal acts : &p, by attraction, 
depending on viretidvvos : 5taK-e%6^t/ca of special offices, as distinct from 
general administration. — 112. P. 40, 1. 4. o>v p.evToi y& But for 



NOTES. 183 

what I have given to the commonwealth on my own offer from my private 
property, for that, I say, I am not responsible, no not for a single clay. — 
8e5wKa in connection with eirayyeihaixevos amounts to eirideocoKa. On 
the subject of iirLdoaeis (patriotic donations) cf. Smith, Die. Ant., sub 
verbo. — 6. ovS* &Wov ovSeva, sc. virevdvvov elvai : the subject of elvai 
here passes into the accusative, as it is no longer identical with the 
subject of <pT)ni. Madvig, G. S., 160, 161. — 7. ov8' &v. Not even 
if he chance to be one of the nine Archons; i. e. however distinctly official 
may be the position which he holds, it would not preclude him from 
receiving the thanks of 'the state for his patriotic donations. That 
would be virtually making him vrretidwos (forsooth) in respect of the 
donations themselves. The orator's argument, put more plainly, is 
this. I gave large donations to the state : true I was a state official 
at the time, and so far responsible to scrutiny ; but the vote of thanks 
was awarded to me not at all as a state official, simply as a state 
benefactor. The argument of iEschines had been that the orator's 
donations must not be allowed to justify a proceeding which was ipso 
facto illegal, viz. the crowning of a commissioner before the accounts 
of his commission had been audited (c. Ctesiph., p. 56). — 10. <|h\o- 
8a>pov. Munificent. We should naturally expect a word so formed to 
mean fond of gifts, not fond of giving. Schafer. It is the only excep- 
tion to the rule of words compounded with 0t\o-. — 11. <ruKO<j>dvTas. 
To take him before the Pettifoggers and set them to audit his donations. 
For Xoyiards or evdtivovs he substitutes, by contempt, cvKocpavras, 
the acme of opprobrious designation. It would be monstrous, he 
means, for such a donor to be cited before -the Auditors at all ; still 
more monstrous if the Auditors in question happened, as was likely 
enough, to be a set of pettifogging scoundrels. — 113. 15. ovtos is 
subject of <f>Tj<rip in the next line. — 16. lireScoKa. Cf. eirayyeCKdfievos 
deduKd, 112, note, and 28. — e-ir^veo-ev. iEschines had said nothing of 
the kind. See c. Ctesiph., p. 55, where the whole and sole point is 
firj (TTetyavovv. The orator, however, prefers to cite the substance and 
not the letter of the charge, for obvious reasons. The strength of the 
charge lay in its letter entirely. — 17. ov •7repl...qv8€vds, yes, but not 
for any of these, ye -yes but. So ye, below, 1. 20, may be rendered yes. — 
21. ovk IXoYi^djxTiv, made no account of it, that is, did not charge it to 
the state. — 6 [lev -yap Xo-yia-fids, k. t. X., for an account requires audits 
and examiners, but a free gift deserves thanks and praise. — 24. 68L Deic- 
tic : pointing to Ctesiphon, who would be standing by. — outcd d;pi- 



184 NOTES. 

orat = this is a settled principle. — 114. 26. 'iQttriv. This is an almost 
irresistible correction for the manuscript 7J6ecru>, suggested "by Reiske 
and adopted by Dindorf. The antithesis of 29os, conventional practice, 
to vdfios, legal rule, is so very constant, p. 414, 1. 8, and 275, tois 
aypd<f)ois vo/xois ical rois avd pwirivois 'idea. On the contrast of edos 
and fjdos, cf. Aristot., N. E., II. 1. So Holmes. The best editors, 
however, generally adhere to ijOeatv, habits, ethics, which is equally 
appropriate. — 27. Navo-iKXfjs. His case corresponds to the orator's 
only so far, that he was inretidvvos as being in office (aTparrjyQv) and 
yet received a crown several times in that period. — o-Tpanryoiv. In 
command of the Athenian contingent which supported the Phocians 
in 352. Diodorus, XVI., 37. — P. 41, 1. 2. frrc There is a various 
reading otl, because; but only in b. The alteration seems undesirable, 
especially as we need a particle of time to explain the change of tense 
in i(XT€(pavovvTo compared with the perfects which precede and follow. 
Drake, in his edition of the two Orations on the Crown, says : The 
perfect (e<rre0dfwrat and rert^rat) denotes that Nausicles and Neo- 
ptolemus were still living, the imperfect (€<TT€(pavovvTo) that Diotimus 
and Charidemus were dead. But ? The last is rather the relative 
imperfect. — AioTip,os. Possibly the same person as is mentioned in 
the c. Mid., p. 581, where 6 Evwvvfievs is added. Spalding considers 
them identical. Arrian (I., 10. 6) mentions a Diotimus as one of the 
ten orators whose surrender Alexander demanded. Sup., 41 (Jin.). — 

3. XapiS^jJios. Probably the same person as appears in the c. Aristocr., 
623 sq., a native of Oreus in Eubosa and commander of the mercenary 
auxiliaries to Cersobleptes in Thrace. — ovrocrC. Deictic, as odl, 113. 
We have Neoptolemus mentioned in the c. Mid., p. 583, 1. 14. — 

4. '4pya>v, i. e. public works. See Die. Ant., s. v. 'EirL<xrdT7]s. — 7. 4|€- 
o-tcu. Is to be allowed. The indie, future is more vigorous in this prot- 
asis than the natural optative ; cf. 63, KtoXwei. — 115. 9. tovtois... 
a-uTd, the very decrees which have been passed in honor of these men. — "Ap- 
X«v. This pendent nominative, in lieu of the usual 'E7R dpxovros, at 
once suggests a spurious document. — 4>\v€v§. The deme Phlyes was 
in the tribe Cecropis. Droysen (p. 924) pronounces Demonicus to be 
"pseudonymus." The addition of the deme to the name of the 
archon is unusual and marks the document as spurious. — <-ktt]. The 
twenty-sixth. Usitatior altera numerandi ratio ire/jLTTT) (pdlvovros : sed 
illius quoque exempla attulit Bockh., de Arch. Pseudep.,j)j). 150, 154. 
Dissen. See Die. Ant., Calendar. — Sokci. On the present tense, 



NOTES. 185 

cf. 90, 8ia.Te\eet., note. — SirXtov. Sup., 38, note, s. v. : where also 
dioiKrjcrecos inf. is explained. — "I[AJ3pa>. Dissen supposes that this 
refers to the Social war of 355. Diodorus, XVI., 21. There must 
have been Athenian garrisons at that time in Lemnos and Imbros 
both. — kcitoikovo-iv, i. e. as colonists (/cA^poOxot). — x.eifi<Svas. Re- 
ferred by some commentators to the Etesian winds. Dindorf takes it 
of ordinary bad weather. — eiowpaf-e. Exacted repayment from. 7rws 
ovx<- xal vvv Trpo(T7)K€t v/jlcLs tovtov elcnrpa^al fxoi ra dvaXufiara ; p. 1227, 
1. 9. — 116. Trpvr&vecov XeyovTwv. The expression is without a parallel, 
and suggestive of a spurious document. It appears to mean on the 
motion of the Prytanes. — iroTo,|Aov. According to Winiewski ( Comment., 
p. 63) the river Bocarus in Salamis is intended ; but there is nothing 
to substantiate that view. Newman, with greater probability, sus- 
pects that the designation eirl toV iroTa/xov is derived, by a blunder, 
from 216 (inf.), where the river meant is certainly the Cephisus, and 
where there is no allusion to Salamis whatever. — <TKuXev@evTcov. 
Stripped of their arms, which would necessitate fresh supplies in the 
armory department. Cf. Lys., p. 143, 1. 44. — tovs veavio-icovs. 
A strange term for o-rpariciras. Whiston. — P. 42. riavaO-qvaiois. 
A time when there would be a great concourse in the city, as in 
hypoth. 2, ore irXf/dr) avvrpex^- On the Panatkenoea and the Diony- 
sia, see Smith, Die. Ant. , s. v. — yu^viKw, i. e . on the day of the 
gymnastic contests, which would appear from this to have been the 
special attraction of the Panathensea. — Qeo-jioQeras. The six junior 
Archons, besides their judicial functions, were ex officio presidents at 
the Festivals and on similar public oecasions. ayuvoderas, 84 (fin.). 
See Diet. Ant., s. vv. 

117. These persons were not held disqualified. There- 
fore I MUST NOT BE. I WAS NOT LIABLE ON ACCOUNT OF MY 
BENEFACTIONS. I HAVE PASSED THE AUDIT OF MY OFFICE. "WHY 
DID YOU NOT OPPOSE MY PASSING AT THE TIME ? 

3. ovkow, strictly speaking, is always interrogative, equivalent to 
nonne igitur in Latin, and requiring an affirmative answer. In its 
practical use, however, the interrogative form disappears, and the 
particle becomes inferential only, but stronger than the simple ovu. 
The interrogative force, however, is always present though latent. 
For instance, the literal translation here would be : Am not I there- 
fore myself also [oi>x diretidwos] ? — tclvtcl -yap. For I have, I pre- 
sume, the same rights as other people about the same things. The sarcastic 



186 NOTES. 

tone of the platitude is obvious. — 4. tois dtXXois, dative after ravrd. 
C. 451 ; Cu. 436, b ; G. 186 ; H. 603. — liraivovjxai. I receive a vote 
of thanks : historical present ; and the &v which follows is the same. — 
4. virevGwos, i. e. disqualified by official responsibility from receiving 
the vote of thanks. The platitude, of course, is again sarcastic. — 
6. fjpxov. I was in office at the time, no doubt And so far he admits 
that he was vwetidwos. — ko.1 SeScoKd ye, yes, and I have given account 
for that, not for what I gave as patriotic donations. — exeivwv, as em- 
phatically distinct from &v eTredwica, sup., 112, note on otid' dv. He 
could not, he admits, qua officer receive any public vote of thanks ; 
but qua benefactor he contends that he could. The argument might 
be defended in equity, but in law it is certainly no reply to iEschines. 
The reply should have shown either that the orator had ceased to be 
vTeiudvvos when the vote was proposed, or else that the law made a 
special exception in favor of benefactors. — 7. vr\ AC. But, forsooth, 
I did wrong in office. Then why did you not appear to accuse me when the 
auditors had me up? vt) Aia (you will say: at enim:) in its constant 
ironical use to preface a supposed assertion of the opponent, dadyeiv 
here has its technical sense of the magistrate presiding in court ; see 
Die. Ant., ALicn. — 8. Xo-yio-Toi. For a full account of these officers, 
see Smith's excellent article EvOvvt), Die. Ant. The conciseness, 
vivacity, point, and vigor of this passage are remarkable even in 
Demosthenes. 

118-120. NOW READ THE WHOLE BILL, THAT I MAY PROVE 
MY OPPONENT'S MALIGNITY BY HIS OMISSIONS AS MUCH AS BY HIS 
SPECIFICATIONS. He DWELLS ON THE INIQUITY OF PASSING ME A 
VOTE OF THANKS, BUT HE QUITE FORGETS TO MENTION WHAT I 
HAVE DONE TO DESERVE IT. 

118. 12. tovtois. Dative of the instrument: antecedent to oh 
which is the object of iypdxj/aro but attracted into the case of its 
antecedent. By the points of the bill which he did not indict, by these very 
points, I say, his charges shall be proved calumnious. The usual construc- 
tion of the verb avKo^avreiv is with an accusative either of the person 
or of the thing : I can find no instance of it with a dative, and there- 
fore have deviated from the usual translation, which connects roirots 
with (TVKOcpavrQu here (calumnious in those points which he does attack) as 
a contrast to d ovk above. The dative in this case must be taken as a 
dative of relation, but the construction will not be so satisfactory. 
The sense, however, is excellent in either case: cf. tolvt eaO' & diu- 



NOTES. 187 

icets, 119. — "^H^ISMA. Another spurious document. The date 
of Ctesiphon's psephisma was 337 b. c. Euthycles was not the 
Archon : for the first sue months Chaerondas was in office, then Phry- 
nichus. Again, this document is clearly not 6Xou to ypacpiv, for we 
find in the speech of iEschines, p. 87, that the genuine irpo^ovXev/ia 
began with an allusion to T<i<ppovs as distinct from reixv- Lastly, the 
document has no particular connection with what goes before or 
comes after in the argument. See Bohnecke, Vol. I., p. 581. — evc/rr) 
dmdvTos, the twenty-first. See Calendar in Die. Antiq. — irpoo-ava- 
Xw<ras. Observe the force of the irpos, in addition to the public 
moneys, thus corresponding with the eirl in iireduKe. — Gewpots. This 
is Schafer's, Jacob's, and Dindorf's accepted emendation. They 
understand deupol here to be commissioners who were to superintend 
the public sacrifices, e. g. the Eleusinia. There is, however, no au- 
thority for the existence of such an office at Athens. There is an 
equally ingenious interpretation of the MS. reading dewpiKoh — the 
theatrical funds of all the tribes — assuming that each tribe had a sepa- 
rate fund for this purpose, and that Demosthenes gave 100 rninee to 
each. Considering that the whole document is spurious, it is a mat- 
ter of surprise that so much ingenuity should have been lavished 
upon this single word. — apexes k. t. X. Sup., 54 note. — 119. P. 43, 
1. 5. Trapa.vop.wv -ypdcpei, you indict for illegality. irapav6p,cov genitive 
of the crime ; ypa<pei, middle voice to express the act of the prosecu- 
tor in getting the name of the defendant entered (written) by the magis- 
trate. — 7. ttoios tis. In heaven's name what WOULD be the ideal of an 
utter villain, God-detested and calumnious thoroughly 1 ? 8vrws qualifies the 
whole sentence, whether we take it with the three epithets or with 
the verb, -n-pbs deQv is only used in questions, adjurations, and en- 
treaties ; never to strengthen an affirmative oath or assertion. — 120. 
8. 9ea.Tpo). The peculiar honor of this proclamation in the theatre has 
been already discussed at 83. As regards the number of times (/ivpi- 
olkis . . .iroWdKis) besides rhetorical hyperbole, there is also another 
explanation. We learn from iEschines (pp. 58 sq.) that these procla- 
mations in the theatre in the first instance were made without 
requiring the sanction of any law whatever : that they then became so 
frequent as to be a positive nuisance : that their publicity made them 
to be regarded erroneously 'as a greater honor than the legally sanc- 
tioned proclamations in the Boule or Ecclesia : that on this account 
the Dionysiac law (83) was ultimately passed to limit them. We 



188 NOTES. 

may well suppose that the orator refers to the period before the Dio- 
nysiac law when he talks of ju,u/>id/as and ttoW&kis, as well as referring 
to the period after the Dionysiac law was passed when the occasions 
would naturally be more rare. — 12. ov Suvacrai. There is another 
reading ov dvvaadai, which would be the same in translation, and but 
slightly different in meaning. When (bare is followed by the indica- 
tive mood the consequence is described as a certain fact, either in the 
present or in the past, coincident in time with the tense of the verb on 
which the consecutive sentence depends (33, pucrdovrai) : when wore is 
followed by the infinitive, the consequence is described as a probable 
result, future in time to the tense of the verb on which the consecutive 
sentence depends. The former construction is a strong and indisputa- 
ble assertion ; the latter is less strong and less indisputable. Suppos- 
ing the consequence to be of a negative shape, that negative in the 
stronger construction will always, of course, be ov, in the weaker con- 
struction it will usually be the weaker negative, /mr/. But if the result 
is future in time, yet also certain in fact, the two constructions are so 
far fused that the mood is the infinitive on account of the futurity, 
and the negative is ov on account of the certainty. Two examples 
may be cited at once : — 

(1) ov fxctKpav yap Teix^uv irepnrTVxoil 
&ctt oi>x airavrd a el8evac tcl dpwfieua. 

Eurip., Phosn., 1357, 8. 

Here the knowledge obtained was future to the time when the walls 
were built, and yet certain, for Creon possessed it. 

(2) ibcrr ovre vvktos virvov o(jt e£ rj/xtpas 
ifie o-reyafriv i]S6u. 

Soph., Elect, 780, 1. 

Here the consequence was future to the threat and yet experience had 
made it a certainty to Clytemnestra. See, however, Mr. Shilleto's 
admirable note (de F. L., p. 203), and Whiston's note on this passage. 
C. 671 ; Cu. 565, 617 ; G. 266; H. 770, 771. The force of ra ov 
Ka\d compared with ra jlitj ica\a is somewhat analogous. — 13. tov 
avrbv £fj\ov. This answers iEschines' remark p. 60, aireiirr) pir) ktj- 
pvTTeaBai rots rpay^dols 'Lva firjdels epavlfav crrecpdvovs Kal Kr/pfryfiaTa 
if/evdl) (piXoTipdav Krarai. Demosthenes contends that the greater 
publicity enhances the benefit, not to the man who receives the 



NOTES. 189 

crown, but to those who confer it or see it conferred. — NOMOS. 
Clearly not a genuine document. It does not correspond with the 
account of the Dionysiac law given by iEschines (p. 58 sq.), nor with 
the words of Demosthenes in the next section (Tr\r]v...ipr)(plcr7iTcu), 
which are obviously a verbal citation. Nor would it at all strengthen 
the orator's argument here, but quite the contrary. Judging from 
the two conflicting orations, the law must have run in substance 
thus : "No crowns are to be proclaimed in the theatre, except the 
Demos or the Boule sanction them by a special decree. And these 
crowns let the herald proclaim." iEschines interprets the word 
"crowns" in this law as limited to %eviKol arecpavoL absolutely {el y4 
ae tls dX\7] tt6\ls GTecpavot). Demosthenes interprets the word as in- 
cluding any and every species of " crown." He cites usage in confirma- 
tion of his view. iEschines cites law (the other law about crowns) 
in confirmation of his. So far as the law goes iEschines seems to be 
right ; but his interpretation could not have been familiar to his 
audience, or else he would not have required to enforce it with such 
prolixity (p. 58 sq.). So far as usage went Demosthenes must have 
been right, or else his audience would never have tolerated his saying 
what he does. No doubt both interpretations of the Dionysiac law 
w T ere possible ; one was elaborate and strict, the other familiar and 
lax. There is no need, so far as I can see, to impute insincerity to 
either view : but in this I differ from former editors. — 121. P. 44, 
1. 3. dva-yopevcTft), i. e. 6 Krjpvi;. Reiske however supplies i] fiovkr} or 
6 drj/jios. Surely the act of proclamation could not be attributed to 
the corporate body. — l\\ef3op££€is. Take a course of hellebore ; the 
supposed cure for madness. Cf. Horace, 2 Sat., iii., 82, 3 ; 166. 
De A. P., 300. — tj>0dvov, gen. of motive ; dSi/o^uaros, of crime. 
So in English the relation in both may be expressed by for. — 8. opa- 
[aokoo-i. On the oath of the Dicasts see 6, note ov /xovov; and 2, tov 
opKov. — 122. 10. Stjiaotikw. Patriot. This is in answer to the pas- 
sage in iEschines, p. 77, where he draws the picture of the ideal " de- 
motic," attributing five qualities as essential; to be (1) free born, 
(2) of patriotic family, (3) of high morality, (4) able and eloquent, 
(5) courageous. The "oligarch," he says, is the antipodes to this ; and 
it is needless to say under which head he classes Demosthenes. — 11. 
exSeScoKus. Given out: quasi locavisses faciendum: cf. p. 522, 1. 1. — 
kcit& <ruyypa<j>^jv. To be made by contract. Dissen cites p. 916, /ecu 
o'ide fxev irpos <re 5vo <xvyypa<pas iirorfaavTO virep rod <rvp.fio\aiov. The 



190 NOTES. 

avyypa^-f] was always in writing, the avpi^oXatop might or might not 
be. — €tT...KO|ii£6|A€VOS, and then had it delivered to you deficient in what 
it ought to have had under the contract. Whiston. — 14. "yi-YvoxTKoiAe- 
voi>s. Or as if patriots were known by their words, and not by their deeds 
and measures. ■ &<Tirep...yiyi>o)crKOfj,evovs = t2a\qxi3Lva. noscerentur; on the 
construction of this ace. absol. see Madvig, G. S., 82. — 15. pnyra. 
Kal appijTa. With promiscuous scurrility. A phrase as common as 
dicenda tacenda in Latin. More exactly rendered by "VVhiston, you 
shout, and call me all sorts of names mentionable and unmentionable. — 
oSo-irep e| d|Jid|Tjs. As if you were on the top of a wagon taking part in 
the riot of the x oes > the second day of the Anthesteria. See Die. 
Ant. Dionysia. Cf. Aristoph., Ran., 416 sq. Equit., 544. iroixirelas, 
sup., 11 note. Billingsgate, as the Londoners would say. Kennedy. 
— 16. Kata-ot Kal tovto, sc. evdv[xy)Teov. The same phrase is found 
p. 43, 1. 15 ; p. 442, 1. 7 ; p. 568, 1. 12. So i-rrei KaKelpo, p. 1097, 
1. 5, etc. — 123. 19. '4\av. Implies wrongs (really received by the 
person who brings the accusation, and who is merely seeking for legal 
redress). — 20. (3\a<rcj>T|p,ias. Slanders which enemies come to speak of 
one another as their own spirit dictates (although no wrong has really 
been inflicted, and there is no claim for redress at law). All the 
editors quote in illustration the notorious passage from Cicero pro 
Cod. , c. 3 : aliud est maledicere, aliud accusare, etc. — 23. ov\ fra. Not 
that we might get you together in court (els ravra, sc. SiKaarripia), and then 
abuse one another with abominations in the way of private scandal, airb t&v 
l5Lwi> : ex vita privata. Dissen, who cites aptly p. 1335, Xoidopovpt.e'- 
vovs Kal ttXvpoptcls avrovs Tair6ppT)ra. The phrase /ca/c<3s Xeyeip is 
exactly Cicero's maledicere. — 124.27. irop/rreiieiv. To blackguard. Cf. 
irofiireias 11. The Greek requires a colloquial equivalent here. — 
P. 45, 1. 1. ^XaTTOv, sc. tup XoidopiQv. evravda is equivalent to eirl 
rrjs Tropareias. And yet not even here (sc. in blackguarding) is it right 
for him to come off with less, sc. than he gave. 8ikcu6s iariv, personal 
construction for impersonal. C. 573; Cu. 571; H. 777. — 5. S^Xov 
6ti, C. 717 ; Cu. 633 ; H. 868. — ou piv...ov 8e '> where. ..but where, C. 
433 c. ; H. 590. — 6. iiirep tovtwv. Pro civibus Atheniensibus, accord- 
ing to Reiske, who understands rjdlicovp to have for its object the same 
toijtovs. Possibly, however, roirup is neuter and rjd'iKow absolute : 
tovtwv in that case would refer to all the offences which iEschines in 
his speech, had imputed to the orator. The ifias a8u<Qp below is in 
favor of Reiske' s view. — -125.8. &0u>os airacri. Scathless on every 



NOTES. 191 

ground ; that of law, that of time, that of limitation, that of constant pre- 
vious awards, that of my never having yet been convicted of doing you a 
single wrong; the protasis goes on to rijs do^rjs, the 5' after rrj wuXec 
answering the fiev after eyw, where I, on the one hand, am scathless, . . . while 
the city, on the other, must needs share more or less in the glory of my public 
acts, there you have met me face to face. To oppose Demosthenes on this 
ground was to arraign the character and conduct of the people, who 
had not only adopted his policy hut shared in the honor of it. Here- 
in lay the strength of Demosthenes in all this trial. On aTr-qvTnKas, 
see 15 note s. v. ; and on Trpodea/xia see s. v. Die. Ant. — 9. K€Kpio-8ai. 
Dissen understands this as referring to the prosecutions conducted by 
Diondas against the psephisms of Aristonicus and Hyperides, by Pa- 
trocles against the trierarchic law of Demosthenes, etc., etc. Cf. pp. 
302, 628. 

126-131. Having thus refuted his accusations on the 
legal and technical points, i proceed now to retaliate 
his personalities. let me give a brief sketch of his par- 
entage and of his breeding. 

126. 15. evo-ePrjs refers, as before, to the oath taken by the Dicasts, 
1 Sirep (end). — 16. Se'SeiKTcu, i. e. I have shown you all distinctly what 
your verdict should be as regards the charges of illegality brought by 
my opponent against Ctesiphon. deiicvvvai here, as before, means to 
exhibit rather than to prove, 4 k&v jjlcv. A different interpretation has, 
however, been suggested, assuming that a burst of applause had fol- 
lowed the preceding sentence, and that the orator is pleased to esti- 
mate it as a clear indication of the coming verdict. No doubt it would 
have been easy for the orator to provide this burst of applause as at 
52. But we should certainly in that case have found him taking far 
greater advantage of it and expressing himself with a more clear con- 
struction. — 17. pXacr<{>T)|iias. This word, according to strict syntax, 
would follow instead of preceding elp-qfxevas. Similar inversions are 
noticed by Schafer, p. 323, 1. 13 ; p. 329, 1. 29 ; p. 347, 1. 28 ; p. 361, 
1. 25, etc. They may be ascribed merely to the taste of rhetorical 
euphony, the sense remaining unaffected. — 19. Tava-yKaioTaT . The 
barest facts: the minimum sufficient for the absolute exigencies of the 
situation : just what is absolutely necessary. Whiston. — 20. Kal tivcov, 
and of what parentage. C. 412; Cu. 409. — 21. Xd-yovs Tivas, certain 
expressions. iEschin., p. 77, ov fj.epLvvcrde avrov ra puapa /cat a.irldava 
p-qfj.ara, & irws Trod' vp.eis, & cribripeoi iKaprepeire &Kpod>p.evo<. ; k. t. X. 



192 NOTES. 

The whole passage in iEschines is well worth perusal. He derides the 
extravagance of the orator's language in having used such phrases as 
afiirekovpy overt tt)v ttoKlv — dvarerp.'hKao'i rd KKri/xara rod 8r)p,ov — (pop- 
fj.oppa(pov/j.eda, and the like. — Siacrvpci. Sup., 27, Sieo-vpc. — av- 
tos €ipT]Kws, although he has himself said. The participle is circum- 
stantial. — 22. <j>6e'Y£ao-0ai. Here the protasis ends without any 
apodosis, which, as Hermogenes rightly interprets, is intended to mark 
indignation. — 127. 23. AUucds...Mwv«s. Judges in the lower world 
(see Plato's Gorgias, 524), and so models of dignity and integrity. — 
24. o-TrepjAoXo-yos. Schafer cites Eustathius (Horn., Od., p. 1547, 41) 
5 be Kvpiws (pacrl, o-rrep/AoXoyos el86s ecrriv opveov Xiafiibjievov rd o-trepfjuara, 
(Aristoph., Av., 232) e£ od ol 'AttikoI o-irepnoX6yovs £k&\ovv tovs irepl 
rd ep,iropia Kal dyopds 5iarpi(3ovras, 8id to avaXtyecdai rd e/c r&v <pop- 
riwv dvappeovra Kal Sta^v. e/c roirwv 8e tt)v avrr)v eXdyxavov KKrjcnv 
Kal ol ovdfros \6yov a£ioi. "We may translate babbler, i. e. a retailer of 
second-hand and second-rate information. So in the notorious pas- 
sage, Act. Apost., xvii. 18. — ir€ptTpi|jip,a. The etymology of this 
substantive suggests at once its twofold meaning : " something thor- 
oughly rubbed in contact" would suggest either "conversant," "ex- 
pert," etc., or "trite," "worn out," etc. Aristophanes (Nub., 447) 
clearly intends TreptrpifAfia 8ikQv as a compliment. The orator here as 
clearly intends the opposite. In either case we have no English 
equivalent and are reduced to paraphrase. "Whiston translates, a 
drudge of the forum ; Kennedy, a hack of the market. — oXeOpos. A brute 
of a secretary or a wretch of a clerk. iEschines appears to have acted in 
this capacity to some of the Athenian authorities judging from 261, 
ypa/uLlu.aTev'eiv rots dpxtdiois. The substantive used as an epithet in lieu 
of the adjective is not uncommon in Attic. — 26. erraxSeis, 10, el 8e 
iroXXai {fin.). — iropi<ra<r9ai. The verb insinuates that the phrases 
were farfe&hed. Schafer cites p. 938 and p. 1392 for similar usage. 
We may render, to imagine such offensive expressions. — 27. c3 yfj, k. t. X. 
The citation is almost verbatim from the last paragraph in the speech 
of iEschines, 'Eyw jxh odv S> yij Kal ijXie Kal apery) Kal (rijvecns Kal trai- 
deia 17 8iayiyvd)(TKop.ev rd KaXd Kal rd aiaxpd... Having been taxed by 
his opponent with using florid language the orator seizes this obvious 
opportunity for a retort. — 128. P. 46, 1. 4. Ka0app,a. According to 
the Scholiasts, in time of public pestilence or other national diaster 
the vilest members of the state were put to a violent death as scape- 
goats for the whole community. Aristoph., Plut., 454, Ran, 733, 



NOTES. 193 

Eq., 1136, etc. From this the word would naturally become a term 
of extreme abuse : You scum of creation. — 6. ^s t<ov p.ev. Of those 
who have really enjoyed it not a man would use such an expression about 
himself, but would even blush if any else were to utter it. Whiston is 
doubtless right in taking this to refer to the remarks of iEschines, 
p. 88. — 9. tois 8' diroX€t4>0€to" l v. While to those who, like you, 
have missed education but affect it, the result is, that whenever they speak 
they pain their hearers by their brutality, but never appear educated men. 
On avaurdrjo-Las, see 35, dvaX-yrjo-ias. — 129.15. 0n<r€ia>. See Smith's 
Diet. Geogr., Athens. This beautiful and well-preserved temple is now 
the national museum of Athens. — 16. SiScutkovti 7pdp.|xaTa. The 
school-work of the period consisted in reading, writing, and reciting 
passages of poetry with explanations. Cf. Plat., Protag., 325 e. In 
the F. L., p. 41 9, the father of iEschines is described as himself 8i8&- 
gkwv ypd.jmjj.ara, somewhat inconsistent, though not entirely so, with 
this passage and that below on p. 313. — 16. \oiviKas. Leg-irons 
(Aristoph., Plut., 276), so called from their resemblance in shape to 
the standard vessel of dry measure. The Scholiast interprets this as 
merely an insinuation that Tromes was a worthless slave under per- 
petual punishment. Dissen compares Plaut., Capt., 3. 5. 64 and 75 : 
crassas compedes. — £vXov. Here apparently of the wooden collar for 
the neck. Aristoph., Nub., 592, and Plaut., Capt., 2. 2. 107, are 
cited by Whiston in illustration. Cf. Act. Apost., xv. 24. — ; 17. (*€- 
0T]fj.6pivots. By daylight. Coitus qui sunt imprimis flagitiosi. Din- 
DORF. xPW^ - 1 - Jjedrj/jiepivois ydfiois est de die in fornice prostare. 
Reiske. — 18. kX.€utiw. Hovel: according to others, brothel here. 
Bekker reads kKktI^ and 2 KXeiaeicoL. — KaXaptTT). The clew for in- 
terpreting this is, no doubt, to be found in the F. L., p. 419, where 
the father of iEschines is described as keeping school irpds ry rod 'H/><3 
rod larpov. Ingenious commentators show us how Ka\ap.iTT)s, the man 
of splints, is a natural synonym in a facetious passage for iarpbs. 
I think, however, they all omit to notice that the orator intends a 
pun also on the name Heros here. He is affecting to invest the early 
life of J^schines with supernatural influences, and as he alluded to 
the Theseum just before, so now by way of ridicule he introduces 
another hero. I have, therefore, with Dindorf, retained the small rj, 
though I quite agree with those who believe that the allusion is to 
Heros the physician. So Holmes. In a paper read before the Ameri- 
can Philological Association at Easton, in 1873, Prof. Goodwin ex- 
9 M 



194 NOTES. 

plains the ry KaXa/xiT-n tfpw'i as referring to a Scythian physician, 
named Toxaris, who came to Athens in the time of Solon, died there 
and was buried in the Cerameicus, and, his spirit a century later hav- 
ing given the Athenians advice whereby a plague was caused to cease, 
he was deified and worshipped as the "Stranger Physician." His 
monument bore on it a representation of a Scythian bowman with a 
strung bow in one hand and a book in the other. Now KaXapiirvs can 
mean bowman (or more exactly arrow-man) as K&Xap,os very often means 
an arrow of reed. This monument was a relic of antiquity even in 
the time of Demosthenes, and he naturally refers to it as marking 
a well-known locality, which, as recent discoveries show, would have 
been not far from the Theseum. — tov koAov avSpi&VTa. Dissen cites 
from Bekk., Anecd., p. 394, ev rrj (xvvndelq. Xeyovtxw at gripes irepl 
tQ>v vlCov, 6 naXbs avdpi&s fiov. He also sees an allusion, to the fact, 
that iEschines avoided all gesticulation in speaking (F. L., p. 421). 
The author of the Vita JEschinis describes him as ev(pvr)$, "a fine 
figure of a man." — 19. TpiTa-yci»v«rTTJv. A tip-top actor of third parts : 
see Diet. Ant., Histrio. — e£e'0pe\|/e. To be taken in connection with 
ya.jj.oU . . .xpu/*&V> which denotes the left-handed means by which she 
reared up her son, the beautiful statue and tip-top actor of third parts. — 
21. Tpi-qpavX-qs has no exact English equivalent, but may be ren- 
dered boatswain as the nearest. The crew of a trireme rowed to the 
music of a flute-player who marked the time for them. So Aristo- 
phanes mentions avX&v KeXevarCov as a prominent feature of the dock- 
yard. Acharn., 554. Kennedy translates it galley-piper. — 22. avi- 
o-tt]ot€v. Raised her out of this honorable trade. There is a double en- 
tendre in this sarcasm, depending on the literal meaning of avLcrrdvai 
as contrasted with Kadijcrdai, Kadifcadcu iir' oki^uaros, which were 
euphemisms to describe prostitution. — 23. v?| tov A (a. Here a 
simple asseveration, not as above, 117. — 130. 27. ov8e -yap . . . Kcn-a- 
parai. For they (sc. the acts of his life, &v avrbs fiefilwKev) were not of 
an every-day sort, but such as the nation execrates. This sentence in S pre- 
cedes the sentence ravra pkv odv...&p^op.ai, and in that reading the 
subject of 9ju would be iEschines and the antecedent of oh his parents : 
he was not the son of every-day persons, but, etc. So Schafer and Jacobs. 
The arrangement of my text is the same with Dindorf's, and is 
approved by quite the majority of editors. Indeed the context alone 
is enough to settle the question. — P. 47, 1. 1. 6\J/e, k. t. \. For it is 
quite lately, — lately do I say ? — nay it is yesterday only or the day before 



NOTES. 195 

that he has become at once an Athenian and an orator. A good instance 
of the corrective fieu odv (immo vero). jEsch., Eum., 38 ; Eurip., Hipp., 
1009; Plat., Gorg., 466. — 3. 8tio <rv\\a|3as. Eeferring only to the 
change of the name Tromes into Atrometus, of which the former was 
a fit name for a coward (rpe/muf) and a slave, while the latter was sug- 
gestive of an intrepid freeman. — 5. "Ep/iroro-av. As a nickname no 
doubt. Cf. Aristoph., Ranee, 289, where the Scholiasts explain that 
it was the title of a malignant goblin. In the F. L., p. 256, iEschines 
speaks of his mother's brother as Glaucus, whence it has been fairly 
inferred that his mother's real name was Glaucis. — 6. irdvTCi. In- 
cessant changing of shape and figure is alleged by the Scholiast as 
the distinctive quality of the goblin Empusa. The coarse double en- 
tendre here is sufficiently obvious from what has preceded. — 131. 9. 
4k. Instead of: as coming out of one state into the other. The idiom 
is very common. Soph., O.T., 454, Antig., 1093, etc. — 10. ov\ 
6iro)s. Not only not. The idiom involves an ellipsis of Xeyu. Fully 
stated it would mean, " I do not mention your showing gratitude : 
that would be absurd to expect in your case though it would be merely 
natural in any one else." Our own idiom "not to speak of" is often 
similarly used. Analogous are the uses of fir] on and ou% 6'n. For 
examples see Madv., G. S., 212; C. 717, g; Cu. 622, 4; H. 848, c. 
— 13. dpa. It seems (i. e. in iEschines' representation) : ironical, as 
in 22. — 15. irpdrTcov. In strong antithesis to the dprjKev which 
immediately precedes. 

132-134. AS A SPECIMEN OF THE ATROCIOUS CONDUCT OF .ZESCHI- 
NES LET US TAKE THE CASE OF ANTIPHO. He WAS ARRESTED BY 
ME AS A TRAITOR, BUT NEARLY ESCAPED PENALTY THROUGH THE 
INTRIGUES OF MY OPPONENT. AND FOR THIS THE AREOPAGUS CAN- 
CELLED THE LATTER'S APPOINTMENT AS ADVOCATE OF ATHENS BE- 
FORE THE AMPHICTYONIC COUNCIL, REGARDING HIM AS A TRAITOR. 

132. 16. 'AvTi<f><3vTa. The case is mentioned by Plutarch {Vit. 
Demosth., 14) and by Dinarchus (c. Demosth., p. 98, 1. 25). The latter 
deplores Antiphon as a victim. The facts seem to have been as fol- 
lows. Antiphon had been disfranchised, for some reason not recorded. 
In revenge he attempted to betray his country to Philip, and con- 
spired with him in a design of burning the Athenian fleet. The date, 
according to Dissen's calculation, would be shortly after the Siai/^t- 
(tls held in the year 346. Demosthenes denounced Antiphon before 
the Ecclesia, who, however, acquitted him. Demosthenes then 



196 NOTES. 

brought liim before the Areopagus, who had the right to take extraor- 
dinary cognizance of extreme cases where the safety of the state was 
involved. They condemned Antiphon ; but their sentence (a-rro- 
<pa<ns) would then require to be formally approved by the Boule and 
Ecclesia. After this Antiphon would be tried once more before the 
Helisea. "We know that the result was his torture and execution. 
He appears to have been one of the family of Harmodius according 
to Dinarchus {I. c), but we know nothing more of his history. He 
is not to be confounded with Antiphon, one of the ten Attic ora- 
tors. — a-iro\|/T]<|>icr0€VTa = struck off the register of voters : see Smith, 
Die. Ant., 8ia\f/7j(pi(ns. — 21. Iv 8t]p.OKpaTia. Plutarch himself de- 
scribes this proceeding of Demosthenes as <r\po8pa dpecrTOKpaTLKou. — 
22. t|/-q<|sla-naTOs. Warrant, to be granted by a vote of the Ecclesia. 
The orator seems to have acted so far illegally that he arrested Anti- 
phon in his own house, although he was not justified in doing so 
either by official position or sanction of the people. — 133. 24. 'Apdov. 
Smith, Die. Ant., Areiopagus. — 25. ov Seovti. Another instance 
of meiosis : anything but opportunely. The absence of the article gives 
additional strength to the phrase, and is the more appropriate for an 
antithesis to kv deovrt. — lire^TjT^o-c. Made further inquiry: the force of 
eirl in composition is here strongly marked. — 27. llTJpirao-T &v. 
Such a traitor as this would have been snatched out of your grasp, and hav- 
ing slipped through the clutches of penalty would have been despatched to 
freedom by this master of imposing eloquence. — P. 48, 1. 2. <rTpe(3X<6- 
o-avT€s. The CTpe^Kn seems to have corresponded exactly to the rack 
of our own semi-barbarous ages. A list of modes of torture in which 
this is included will be found in the notorious passage, Aristoph., 
Ran., 620 sq. Some discussion has been raised as to how a free Athe- 
nian could have been put to the torture at all ? There are two ob- 
vious answers: (1) Antiphon as atroij/vfacrdeis was no longer a free 
Athenian ; (2) The rack was applied, not for his examination under 
torture, but for this execution under sentence. See Smith, Die. 
Ant., sub. Bdaavos. — vvv—as it was. — 3. -ye intensifies the bitter- 
ness of the taunt : as you ought to have done to this creature likewise, 
sc. so far at least as your duty and his deserts were concerned. — 134. 
5. crvvSiKov. Advocate: i. e. they retained him to plead their case 
before the Amphictyonic Council. His appointment, however, was 
afterwards cancelled, as we see, by the Areopagus, on suspicion of 
his sympathies with Macedon, which naturally, on this as on other 



NOTES. 197 

occasions, was opposed to the Athenian interests. Hyperides was 
anti-Macedonian in his politics. — 6. tov Iv AtjXw. The question at 
issue, which had been already long disputed, was whether the Athe- 
nians or the Delians were entitled to have the custody of the temple 
of Apollo at Delos : the date of the case being tried before the Am- 
phictyonic Council was 345. — ^o-irep. By attraction to ayvoias 
instead of the dative, which would be the natural construction. 
There is a various reading a<p' rfairep but only in a small minority of 
the MSS. — 7. irpoo-eiXeo-Ge. This is Wolf's emendation, adopted by 
Dindorf, in place of -rrpoeLXeade MSS. Schafer approves it as espe- 
cially consistent with the /cat in KaKelvrjv. Translate, associated to you 
that body in addition, i. e. requested the Areopagus to co-operate in 
their deliberations with the Boule and the Ecclesia, giving them ab- 
solute power over the decision to be formed. Those who read irpoel- 
Xeade interpret it etXeade irpb v/x&v, i. e. delegated to act for you. No 
other instance can be cited of the verb being thus used, but certainly 
it is a possible interpretation. — 10. onrb tov (3wjxov. Tendering their 
vote from the altar, i. e. advancing to vote immediately after having taken 
an oath with the fullest solemnity. Taylor cites p. 1265, 1. 6, 7rp6s 
tov pcofibv dyovres /cat e^opd^opres. Cic, pro Balb., 5 : ut mos Grseco- 
rum est, iurandi causa ad aras accederet. — 11. ovSeuaa. The ex- 
treme solemnity of the occasion has been mentioned as enhancing the 
effect of this public censure on JSschines. — 135. MAPTYPE2. 
Another spurious document according to Droysen and Winiewski, but 
defended, as usual, by Vomel. The question is not worth discussing. 
But we may notice as irregular the absence, in each case, of the name 
of the witness's father ; the phrase virep dirdvTwv which appears so 
redundant and superfluous ; and the absence of any details about the 
voting on which the orator has so strongly insisted in 134. — 14. Xe- 
■yovTos. 2 has /j.4XXovtos, which would much improve the sense, an 
ellipsis of X4yeiv being easy : b has p.eXXovros \eyeiv and adds atirov 
after dirriXaaev. I believe, however, that Dindorf 's text is the most 
correct, and we must take Xeyovros as imperfect, when he was going to 
speak. 

136. Take another instance of my opponent's political con- 
duct in contrast with mine. When Python at the conven- 
tion WAS VITUPERATING ATHENS, I DENOUNCED AND CRUSHED HIM, 
iEsCHINES AIDED AND ABETTED HIM. 

18. veavtov. iEschines was 45 in the year referred to (345). 



198 NOTES. 

Clearly there is no allusion here to age but only to character. The 
same sense of violence or extravagance is constantly found in veavietj- 
eaOai and veavtKov, of which the Lexica give abundant examples. We 
may here render this gallant fellow as spoken in irony, ye is also 
ironical. — 19. Stc. Either just before Chseronea (Diodor., XVI., 
85) or in the year 344 (p. 81, 1. 23). The latter view is supported 
by Winiewski. We know nothing about the facts except from this 
passage and that in the Be Halonneso (p. 81, I. c). That Python was 
a famous orator is attested by Demosthenes, p. 1469, 1. 18, and 
.Eschines, p. 44, 1. 35.— P. 49, 1. 1. h alo^vvr,. To plunge in dis- 
grace. The phrase is exceptional, as Schafer notices. — 3. Qpaa-uvo- 
jxevft). Bragging and bursting full upon you. Colloquial phraseology. 
ptiv of eloquence is very common. Aristoph., Eg., 527, etc. ; Juve- 
nal, X., 128 : torrentem et pleni moderantem frena theatri. Dissen 
also cites Hor., 1 Sat., II., 28. 

137. Another instance. .ZEschines was caught conferring 
with that notorious spy of philip's, anaxinus. 

11. 'Ava£lvo>. A native of Oreus in Eubcea, who came to Athens 
in 341 ostensibly to make some purchases for Philip's Queen Olym- 
pias (iEschin., p. 85). At this date the Athenians were contemplat- 
ing the liberation of Eubcea and a despatch of forces to assist the 
Hellespont. Anaxinus was, rightly or wrongly, denounced and exe- 
cuted as a spy for these proceedings (I. c). iEschines especially 
taunts the orator with having caused the death of a man who had 
been his host in Eubcea. — Karao-Koirft). We have here, of course, a 
brilliant petitio principii. Whether Anaxinus was a spy or not, his- 
tory has left uncertain. But the argument noscitur a sociis falls 
through in the other event, and therefore the orator promptly assumes 
that he was. — MAPTYPE2. Another spurious document. The 
witnesses are mentioned without the address of their several demes. 
No one of the name of Nicias is found in. the list of Archons at or 
near this year (341). — 6Tra>fj,o<ravTO, swore to it before the generals. 

138. I COULD ADD MUCH MORE TO THE SAME EFFECT. BUT YOU 
NEVER FEEL THESE THINGS AS YOU OUGHT. 

18. ovT<a ira)s, somewhat as follows. Accordingly the following 
clause is without a connective as being explanatory. &v would regu- 
larly be ace. =in respect to which, but is in the gen. by attraction. — 
P. 50, 1. 3. TCGerai. Stored, deposited, laid on record, a financial ex- 
pression in the first instance, p. 1236 {fin.), p. 186, 1. 10, etc. Scored 



NOTES. 199 

up is the closest rendering here. — 4. ovS' $[V...6py(\v, nor for proper 
resentment, ace. after els. — SeSwKaTCc You have, through a vile custom, 
given vast license to any one who wishes to trip and slander him who speaks 
for any of your interests. In vwoaKeXlfriv we have another wrestling 
metaphor. — 8. dvTa\XaTTop.€voi. Bartering for. The sentiment has 
been already illustrated in 3, note &repov Se. — 11. tci£iv. Cf. 13. 
rdf-ei, note. 

139. before the declaration of war ieschines did his best 
to help Philip ; and after the war began he never proposed 
a single measure for the good of athens. 

12. \i.kv Stj. The sense of these two particles combined is usually 
to dismiss a consideration ; cf. the notorious phrase roiavra fiev drj 
Tadra. The 8-q in itself implies so strong an assertion of the protasis 
that no further question can possibly be raised about that, whatever 
may be said about something else. The uev paves the way for the 
introduction of that something else, if necessary, in the apodosis. 
But no apodosis is absolutely required. For examples see Soph. , EL, 
103 ; Platon., Polit., 287, Prat., 315. — 16. to. irXoia. Sup., 73, Kal 
\l1\v. — Xepp6vT]o-os. Sup., 92, Xeppovrjo-iTcov. — 17. 'Attiktjv. The 
reference is here to the seizure of Elatea in 339 (the autumn) when 
Philip was appointed by the Amphictyonic Council to command the 
forces attacking Locris. The excitement caused at Athens by this 
seizure of Elatea we read 169 sq. — 18. €V€i<rrr|Kei. 89, cvo-tcLs, note. 
— 20. ia|xPeio<|>d70s. The Scholiasts interpret this (pcXoXoidopos, 
and so we find in the Etym. M., s. v. 'lafifiocpayos, the Iambic verse 
being the distinctive metre of lampoon : 'lappifav yap to CKunrreiv 
£<ttIv. But surely we must also understand an allusion here to that 
already threadbare topic, the histrionic profession of vEschines. Of 
course the double entendre cannot be preserved by any English. Wins- 
ton's rendering, mouther of iambics, is as good as any. — 22. SeifjdTtt, 
i. e. I will sacrifice part of the time allowed me for speaking, to give 
him the opportunity, if he can take it, forsooth. — 23. vBan. ey%^- 
Tat yap to p.eu irpGiTOV vdcop raj Karyyopcp Kal rots vofiots Kal rfj dvp-OKparia, 
to 5e Sevrepov ildwp ry tt]v ypa<pr\v (pevyovri Kal tols els avrb to irpayp,a 
Xeyovaiv. iEsch., 82. A description of the clepsydra, by which the 
time allowed to each speaker was measured, is given in Smith's Die. 
Ant. Whiston alludes, in this connection, to the joke at the sobriety- 
of Demosthenes, viz., that other men spoke by water, he composed by 
it. — 24. GaTepov. An obvious ellipsis of irotTJo-ai, or, better, alpdadai. 



200 NOTES. 

The construction is very common : p. 113, 1. 10. Platon., Charm., 
160 c. With an impersonal subject the ellipsis would be of yeviadau 
— § prjSev k. t. X. That either he proposed no measures conflicting with 
mine because he could find no fault in what I was then doing, or else that 
he did not bring forward better measures than mine because he was studying 
the interest of the enemy. The participial sentences are causal. Madvig, 
G. S., 174, b; C. 674; Cu. 581; G. 277, 2; H. 789; the force of 
irapa is here decidedly against: not simply beside but beside, with the 
object of contesting and obstructing. — 27. 4>€peiv els fxecrov (proferre in 
medium), as usual, is merely the technical phrase for publication. 

140, 141. If he framed no policy, did he at any rate 
hold his tongue when mischief was in the wind ? nay, he 
monopolized the bema. eemember that monstrous case of 
the amphissian locrians. i most solemnly swear to tell 
you the whole truth about it. 

140. P. 51, 1. 1. *Ap' ouv. Did he then make no speeches either (as 
he certainly moved no measures) when it was needful to do some mischief? 
The point is this : no single psephism of iEschines' proposing can 
be found in the records of the war period (139) ; but he made plenty 
of speeches, — and he always spoke with a mischievous intent. Eeiske 
and Schafer are both anxious to limit the clause &<rirep — %ypa<pev by 
understanding either totc or quitca epydaao-dai ti £8et Kakbv. But they 
thus ignore the obvious antithesis of Zypa<pev to ZXeyev. He moved 
nothing, but he said plenty ; and all that he said was bad. — 2. ov 
lt.lv ovv. Nay, no one else had a chance of speaking, i. e. he let no one 
else get a hearing. — 3. to, \ikv tiXka. Other things the state could bear, 
as it seems, and this man could do without detection. C. 677, f ; Cu. 590 ; 
G. 279, 2; H. 801. — 6. tc'Xos, finishing stroke. — 8. So-y^ara, i. e. 
the decrees passed by the Amphictyonic Council respecting these 
Locrians of Amphissa. Schafer compares Meyapiuv xj/rj^iafm, "the 
vote concerning the Megarians" : Thucyd., I., 140. — 8. to has here 
its original force of a distinctive pronoun. See Donaldson, New Cra- 
tylus, 148, and note &s fxh, 71 sup. — 9. cKvtyei. Wash out, strictly 
of the hands. The middle voice here denotes action on self. On the 
metaphor, which is frequent and familiar, particularly in dramatic 
literature, ancient and modern, cf. Eur., /. T., 1223, cos (povo? cpbvov 
fxvaapov eKvi\pw. — 10. ov\ ovtw. You will not talk enough for THAT, 
however prominent and prolix you may show yourself as a speaker. 
The emphasis falls on oVtw. — 141.11. Ka\». This passage may 



NOTES. 201 

well be compared with the exordium. He justifies the solemnity of 
the language in the next paragraph. — 13. Trarpwos. Father-god, and 
hence tutelary divinity. ' Apollo, according to Athenian mythology, 
was the father of Ion by Creusa, daughter of Erectheus, king of 
Athens, and wife of Xuthus. Ion succeeded to the throne. (Eurip., 
Ion, 1574, etc.) Hence the Athenians had irarpCxu 6v<nal at Delphi. 
All the Ionian states seem to have worshipped the Pythian Apollo as 
their 8e6s irarpyos. See Miiller, Dor., I., p. 244. — 15. tfiroipi ko.1 
etirov, if I speak the truth and did speak it then immediately. 

142 - 144. Why have I made these solemn asseverations ? 
Because, whatever strong proof I adduce, you will hardly 

BELIEVE iEsCHINES HAD THE POWER TO DO SUCH MISCHIEF. JUST 
WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PHOCIAN CASE. I WARNED THE ECCLESIA* 
AND THEY WOULD NOT BELIEVE ME. 

142. 23. '4\<av. Concessive : and so eldus which follows. Madvig's 
G. S., 174 b ; C. 674, f : Gu. 582 ; G. 277, 5 ; H. 789, f. — St^o- 
o-Lto. The Archives : the word describes any public building : its 
character is settled here by the context. Herod., VI., 52, 57. — 26. 
IXcLttwv. Minor quam ut conficeret : incapable of, literally less than 
the mischief, i. e. unequal to such a magnitude of mischief. Cf. the 
analogous use of /xei^ovs in the F. L., p. 350 (init.). — P. 52, 1. 1. 
#»Kcas, 18, and Introduction II. — 143. 2. , Ap.(j>to-<rT|. This city be- 
longed to the Locri Ozolse and stood on the Phocian frontier. In- 
genious Scholiasts have noticed that the words rbv yap..."E\&Teiav 
make a hexameter. — 3. 'EXareiav. Metropolis of Phocis on the 
frontier of Epicnemidian Locris. — 6. ds &vfjp. Was the author in 
his single self of the greatest disasters. The common use of eh as an 
intensive in connection with a superlative. Cf. Soph., Trach., 459, 
oxj-xjL %dre/9as | 7rXeicrTas dvr]p eh 'Hpa/cX^s Zyrip-e drj ; — 6. tot , i. e. 
when iEschines had just come back from acting as deputy at the 
Amphictyonic Council, who had declared war on the Amphissians at 
his instigation. "We must compare throughout iEschines' own 
account of this (p. 71 sq.). — 9. ck irapaKX^o-etos. Dissen aptly 
remarks that the name irapaKkriTOL was given to the party of friends 
who would rally round an accused person, or a person in any critical 
position, the Latin advocati. Cf. the use of the word in the New Tes- 
tament, rendered in the common version sometimes Advocate, and 
sometimes Comforter. We may paraphrase here : his clique who were 
i him. — 10. ol Si=the rest. — 144. 15. €k«Xv0t]T€. But ac- 
9* 



202 NOTES. 

cording to ^Ischines [I. c), Demosthenes did impress his views on the 
meeting, and it was owing to him that the Athenians dissented from 
the Amphictyonic policy instead of joining the attack upon the Am- 
phissians. — 15. €i5...(rvvT€0ev. ed passim seiungitur a voce ad quam 
pertinet. See Heind. at Platon., Charmid., p. Ill (Schafer). — 17. 
Scivottjs. Craft: calliditas (Schafer). 

145 - 159. For Philip's plans it was indispensable to create 
hostilities against us on the part of thebes and thessaly. 
Hence his intrigue in the Amphictyonic Council, which led 
to the Sacred "War, and for which he employed JSschines 
as an instrument. the account ieschines gave you is false. 
The attack on the Locrians was unprovoked. Philip's ap- 
pointment as Commander-in-chief was achieved by the mean 
parsimony of the amphictyons who wished to escape the 
expenses of the war. dlrectly he was appointed he dropped 
the locrian business and seized elatea. listen to the 
documents which prove what i say. for all our suffer- 
ings ieschines, as a tool of philip, is distinctly responsible 
and to blame. 

145. 24. Xtjcttwv. Guerillas. The orator wishes to deny the regular 
army any share in such successes as were won (146). The chief damage 
done to Macedon, he alleges, was the interference with their commere 
by these irregular marauders. — 25. 4k ttjs x<">P a S- B y constructs 
prsegnans for oiire yap e^-qyero tG>v ev rrj xdpa ytyvonivwv e/c rrjs xc6/>cts 
ovdh. C. 704; H. 680. — 146. P. 53, 1. 1. ^ T€ 8u € 'vtcov. If they 
did not allow him a passage through their territory. The negative (fir]) 
has its usual force with a participle, of introducing a conditional 
clause. — 2. KpaTovvTt. Concessive : cf. 142. Kparelv with the accu- 
sative = to conquer: with the genitive = to conquer and hold. The accu- 
sative is that of relation, not of the direct object. Madv., 31 ; C. 480, b ; 
Cu. 400, c ; G. 159 ; H. 544, a. Though victorious in war over the gen- 
erals you were in the habit of sending out, of whatsoever sort they were (for 
I pass this), it was his fortune to suffer losses from the very nature of the 
locality and the circumstances of each party. — 4. (jnicrei tov tottov. Dis- 
sen compares Philipp., I. 48 (p. 93), rbirov rrjs x&P**- He could not 
attack them by land because Thebes and Thessaly obstructed his ap- 
proach ; and he could not attack them by sea because their navy was 
superior. — virapx.ovT<ov iKa-rc-pois. Macedon was strong in land forces, 
Athens in maritime : but the land forces were useless, as has been 



NOTES. 203 

just explained : so that Athens had the advantage in point of arma- 
ment in the aggregate. — 147. 6. o-vp/rreiOoi. Induce to join him. 
Hence the element avp.- is introduced. There is a mixture of moods 
in this conditional construction which may thus be preserved in Eng- 
lish : His idea was that, were he to try and induce either Thebes or Thes- 
saly to join him in attacking you, no one would listen to him ; but supposing 
him elected commander as having taken up their common grievances, then his 
expectation was that he would, with comparative ease, deceive them partly 
and partly persuade them. The imperfect optative avfjiireldoi introduces 
the more improbable alternative [si persuader et), the aorist subjunc- 
tive alpeOrj states the very condition which was actually fulfilled after- 
wards {si electus-fuerit): the imperfects Tryelro, iyKinfr suggest the 
duration and deliberate character of Philip's plans. — 11. 'Ap.tfx.K- 
tvoo-i. For the Amphictyons. Dativus commodi precisely. — 12. Tapa- 
yj\v. A disturbance at the Pylcea. The meeting of the Council was 
called ILvXaia from the place of meeting, Thermopylae ; so also the 
members were called Hv\ay6pat. See Die. Ant., Amphictyons. 
irepi here is of time and place both. — 12. els to,vt . For thereupon 
he thought they would immediately address him with entreaties, i. e. to co- 
operate with them in the quarrel. — 148. 14. irap' Icujtov. Philip 
obtained this privilege as part of his victory in the Phocian war. — 
Upop,vt][Ji6voi>v. Religion-commissioners. An office apparently for life, 
at any rate superior to that of the Pylagorse. See Smith, Die. Ant., 
for a full discussion of the point. — 15. iKetvov. Philip : change of 
pronoun to avoid repeating iavrou. Schafer recites exactly the same 
construction from Xen., Hell., I. vi. 14. — d<rr\yoiTO. Were tm intro- 
duce this matter. The optative here of the condition which did not 
happen, the subjunctive 77 of the condition which did. See 147, crvp.- 
TreLGot. — 18. vjrevavrlcov. His (sc. Philip's) adversaries. The ele- 
ment vir- modifies the force of the adjective a little : there was no 
open war between Athens and Macedon just at this period. Still 
virevavrlos and euavrios, according to the Lexica, are used almost 
synonymously. — 19. \ir|<reiv. He (Philip) would evade suspicion. 
The subject of \-rjcreiv to be taken from ivbiufr which precedes. — 149. 
22. irpof3XT|0€is. Was proposed as Pylagoras, and three or four hands 
having been held up, was declared to be duly elected: that the whole thing 
was a job, or an oversight, is what the orator wishes to imply. — 25. 
Xapwv. With all the prestige of the city about him. Like %x wv > cp^pwv, 
&yuv, so Xafiwv is frequently thus used in lieu of a preposition. As 



204 NOTES. 

the elected representative, iEschines would of course possess all the 
influence of Athens to his hearers in the Council. — 26. Iirepcuvev, 
imp. to denote the beginning of a process = set about accomplishing: 
ireiBei below, histor. pres. — k$' ols. The ends for which, evi here of the 
basis in connection with which the contract was made. See also 16, 4ir 
dXTjGcias, note. — 27. Xo-yovs Kal jjlvGovs, facts and fables. — dirctpovs 
Xo-yiov, were unused to speeches, the hieromnemons. This might well 
be as they were appointed by lot. Whiston. — P. 54, 1. 1. 50cv. As 
to how : the matter being old in history has to be traced from its origin: 
hence 66ev rather than owws. — Kippaia. The tract of Cirrha : a fre- 
quent resort of pilgrims to Delphi. According to iEschines, the Cir- 
rhseans grossly overcharged and plundered these sojourners. Hence 
the first Sacred War (b. c. 595) was undertaken by the Amphictyons 
to punish them. Their city, which stood on the Sinus Coririthiacus, 
close to Delphi, was captured and destroyed in 585, and the ground 
on which it had stood was consecrated to Apollo. This no doubt is 
historical fact (iEschin., pp. 68, 69), though it suits the orator here 
to speak of it as a myth. — 150. 4. irepicXGetv, to make a survey, with 
the object of inspecting, to see if the sacred ground was being en- 
croached upon. — 5. ofi<rav. As beiny their own. The participle con- 
stitutes here a causal sentence. Madv., G. S., 174 (quippe quum sua 
ipsorum esset). — 6. x^P as « ^ P ort ^ on of the sacred tract. Genitive 
strictly partitive. — 81ktjv. According to iEschines {I. c.) the Locrian 
representatives had moved in the Council that a fine of fifty talents 
be imposed on Athens for dedicating sundry golden shields, in the 
new Te*nple of Apollo, inscribed "taken by the Athenians from the 
Persians and Thebans when fighting against the Greeks." Besides the 
offensive inscription, there was a further transgression in the shields 
having been dedicated before the new Temple was fully consecrated. 
There is no reason to doubt that the Locrians did move this resolu- 
tion to have the Athenians fined ; true, it was not a case of 51kvp eVd- 
yecv, but iEschines had never said it was ; he had only described them 
as 56yfia da (pe pour as. All that Demosthenes could fairly have urged 
in reply would have been that this Locrian resolution was not worth 
being noticed by the representative of Athens ; or, at any rate, that 
iEschines, if he did notice it at all, ought to have noticed it in a dif- 
ferent way. In this part of the speech the orator's argument is 
decidedly weak, not to say evasive. — 7. iirayovrcav, circumstantial 
part. : although the Locrians were bringing no suit against us, nor charging 



NOTES. 205 

what this man now pretends, saying what was not true. .cEschines (I. c.) 
had represented that his charge of sacrilege against the Locrians 
(alleging that they had desecrated this hallowed Cirrhsean territory) 
was provoked entirely as a countercharge in answer to their charge 
of sacrilege against Athens. The orator tries to prove that they had 
not really made such a charge. — 10. reXeo-ao-Oai. To accomplish a 
prosecution of our state without serving a summons. reAe'cracrflcu is a little 
unusual in connection with diK-rjv, but distinguishes the actual bring- 
ing of an action into court from the mere threatening to bring one, 
which is all the orator admits the Locrians to have done. The sum- 
mons, of course, would be before the court of the Amphictyonic 
Council, — Stj-ttov = surely, or of course. — IfcX^Teucrev. Name the man 
who served the citation. On TrpoaKXrjtris see Smith, Die. Ant. , Dike, and 
Cleteres. — 11. eirl iroias dpx'qs. Literally, in what Archonship ? 
i. e. name the year. — tov elSora. Tell us the man who knows of it, i. e. 
adduce confirmatory evidence. All this, though strong in rhetoric, is 
somewhat absurd in logic, as no one had ever alleged that the trial 
had taken place at all. — 13. kcit€XP<S. The element kclt- here of 
abusing rather than of using to the full. But both senses are implied. 
— 151. 1 4. {x^TJY^a-iv. Direction. The word has an interesting techni- 
cal use in Platon., Protag., 326, D, dvayKd^ovai ypa<j>eiv /caret tt\v vcp-q- 
ynviv tQv ypafi,uwi>. Some understand that the writing-master traced 
the letters faintly in pencil, and that the pupil followed the lines so 
traced. Others understand that the lines were merely ruled to keep 
the writing straight. See Heind. I.e. — 15. |xiKpov. Genitive of 
separation : within a little, almost. See oklyov beiv, note tI o£v, 20. 
C. 665 ; H. 575, a. — Ka/njKovrio-av. Shot down. 8ie^v\6e dtd tov 
0-Tpa.TOTredov 4>-i]p.y] <bs /eara/co^rce? <r<peas. Her., IX., 17. — 19. Kot- 
tu<J>os. KoTTvcpov tov $apad\iov tov 7t6t€ ras yvwp,as ewuJ/v<pifavTa ("a 
native of Pharsalia and president of the Amphictyons," iEschin., 
p. 11 fin.). We know nothing more about him. — 21. ovSe'v. jEschi- 
nes gives a very different account, pp. 71, 72 : koI irapeXBovTes tt} 
irpibTT) (TTpaTela /cat /tdXa fieTpiios exprjcravTO reus 'Ap-^iaaevcnv, clvtI yap 
tQv p.eyio-TWv a5iKv,u&TUV xPVVacw clvtovs e^npiuaav . . .eireidy) 8e oi/'re ret 
X/317/iara i^Tcvov ry deep Tots t ivayeis KaT^yayov, our cos TJd-n tt]v devTe- 
pav o-Tpa.TeLav €irl tovs ' A/j,(pi<rce?s kiroi-qaavTo : that is, that the Am- 
phictyonic troops invaded the territory of the Amphissians and com- 
pelled them to submit to certain conditions, which, however, they 
did not fulfil, so that it was necessary to make a second expedition 



206 NOTES. 

against theni. It is, however, quite possible, as Winston observes, 
that both accounts were true in the main. We have to allow for each 
of the two orators regarding the matter from such a different stand- 
point. — eiriovcrav. The next, i. e. the autumn meeting of the Am- 
phictyons. See below, ETEPON AOrMA. — els = for or by.— 22. 
■Jj-yov. Were for handing the war over to Philip. We understand 7r6\e- 
fxov as the object of fjyov, which Reiske renders ablegabant, and Bremi 
mandare studuerunt. Cf. p. 125, 1. 20. — 152. 25. €io-<j>€p€iv. They 
must either themselves subscribe, i. e. to provide funds for raising an 
army. The elcrtpopd was an extraordinary war tax. See Die. Ant., 
sub v. — £evovs. Enlist foreigners, i. e. as mercenary troops. — 26. 
£7]p.iovv, i. e. to enforce the payment of the subscription. — 27. Ikci- 
vov, i. e. Philip, if elected general, would bear the whole expense of 
the war. — P. 55, 1. 1. 4k tovtwv, from these considerations. — evGe'cus. 
The capture of Elatea was in the winter of 339 ; we do not know the 
exact date, but at any rate within three months of the autumn Pyloea 
referred to. — 3. IppoScrGai. Having bid a long adieu, i. e. having dis- 
missed from his consideration. iy<h Se tovtols pev ipp&adai Xeyu, 
p. 62, 1. 19. The phrase is common in this sarcastic usage. — 153. 8. 
to y' efjaitpvqs. At all events for the moment, sc. though not ultimately. 
— [xdXio-Ta p.ev...etTa p-evroi. Chiefly, it is true... but in a secondary 
degree. I have already noticed fxhroi as an adversative, 12 ; no ad- 
versative was necessary here, as etra is itself antithetic. See note on 
^ireira, 1. — 11. XP° V0V S. We are at a loss to understand in what 
form these dates were preserved on record ; certainly it could not have 
been as they appear in the spurious document below. We should 
have expected the reading of successive xf/rj^ia/jLara passed at the 
period in question, with the dates of the day and month attached, 
and distinct reference to the several events ; or else of the particular 
xprjcpiapa describing the appointment of iEschines as Pylagoras. Cf. 
155, end. —154. AOrMA. The contents of both these Dogmas 
stamp them as forgeries. They merely embody the statements of 
Demosthenes, and quite ignore the conflicting statements of iEschines 
(p. 71 sq.). Of course the indefatigable Bohnecke and Vomel defend 
both as genuine. But the elaborate criticisms of Droysen and others 
effectually demolish their validity. The curious will refer to Dindorf's 
Demosthenes, Vol. V., p. 406, for a resume of the discussion. — Upe'cos. 
Supposed to be an Arch-Hieromnemon corresponding to the Archon 
Eponymus. — iapivqs. Both decrees are dated in the spring, which 



NOTES. 207 

directly contradicts ttjp i-movaav, 151. Eeiske corrected eapivr/s into 
oTrwpLvijs in the Second Decree, which the ungrateful Bohnecke is 
pleased to style coniectura infelicissima. — irvXcrydpois is the older form. 
See Lex. — trvve'Spois. We know of no such office in connection with 
the Arnphictyonic Council, but of course it may have existed. — 155. 
T(I> koivw. Some critics object to this as an unusual term for the gen- 
eral body, but it is a most common expression in Attic. Thuc, IV., 
78, etc., etc. — Ka.Tav€i|id|A€v<H. Having divided among themselves : the 
active Karavep-ova-iv, in the first dogma, is used less correctly, treat as 
pasture for flocks ; vkp.ov<n immediately below is quite classical, they 
send to pastwe. -^-'ApKaSa. JEschines calls him a Pharsalian : 151, 
Kottv«J>os. — d£io0v tva. The infinitive after a^iovv is the natural 
and obvious construction, though the final iVa is not absolutely un- 
grammatical here. — 8ioti = that. Classical usage would require on 
preceded probably by d77e\Aetj>, unless we are to understand the 
latter from ir pea [Several. — XPONOI. The most meaningless of all 
the forgeries ; it specifies a date minutely, but omits to mention what 
happened upon it. — Mvtjo-iGciStjs. iEschines says he was appointed 
irvXayopas e-rrl Qeo<ppdarov apxovros, p. 69 (Jin.). According to the 
Fasti, the Archon Eponymus of 339 to 338 was Lysimachidas. At 
any rate it was not Mnesithides (qui neque archon unquam neque opinor 
scriba prytanice, aut prcetor fuit. Deoysen.) — 156. 3. a>s ov\ vTnfJKOvov. 
When they refused to comply, as already stated, 153. — 5. <ru|x|idxovs. 
'Apicadas, 'Apyeiovs, Meaarjvlovs, 'HAetous. ScHOL. — 6. d\i]8f] irpd- 
<j>acriv. This use of irp6<pa<nv for the true reason is rare and scarcely 
recognized in the lexicons. It is often opposed to dXrjdes (irpixpaaiv 
[xev...rb aX-qOes 8e), and is used just below to denote the pretexts alleged 
by Philip and presented by vEschines. - — Koivd. The universal interests 
as specified by the Arnphictyonic decree. The /cat has here an intensive 
force, not a copulative ; 3, first note. — 157. EIII2T0AH. This 
document is not so obviously a forgery as most of those which have 
preceded. The points of suspicion will be noticed as they occur. — 
Sinitovp-yois. So Thucyd., V., 47, ot brnxtovpyol /cat i] j3ov\^, where 
the historian is speaking of Mantinea and of Elis. As a designation of 
chief magistrate it very likely existed in other Peloponnesian constitu- 
tions also. Compare our public servants. — P. 57. wcttc (rvvavTare. And 
so assemble, etc^ This use of (bare with the imperative is rare, though 
not without example both in prose and poetry. — Xwov. It is pretty 
fairly established that the Macedonian month Lous was not identical 



208. NOTES. 

with the Athenian month Boedromion (Clinton's Fasti, II., 358), but 
with Hecatombseon. Panemus, which was a Boeotian and Corinthian 
as well as a Macedonian word, corresponded to the Athenian month 
Metageitnion (Bbckh.., Tnscript., I., 732). No genuine document would 
contain such a blunder as this. — tois 8« <rv|x[3oijX.ois. These words 
and the two which follow Dindorf places in brackets, and Schafer 
wishes to erase. The text is hopelessly corrupt, and it seems useless 
to suggest emendations. Omitting these words the meaning is : Those 
icho do not assemble with all their force we shall treat as subject to the usual 
penalties, i. e. as enemies. — TravSTjjJiel, = iravaTpaTia. — 158. 5. p.T|-.. 
TrepudvTts. Do not then go about and say : a favorite combination : 
irepujVT avrbv irvvddveadai thti 7ra>7rore <rvixfiefir)Kev v^piadrjvat. p. 525 
(end). — 6. ^>4> , evds, sc. rod $i\Linrov. — 159. 9. p/rjSev iv\a.$r)Q£vTa. 
Without reserve: i. e. dismissing all delicacy and respect for the hear- 
ers. — 12. tottcov. Tracts of territory either with or without buildings 
and inhabitants : irokeuv, distinctively of the inhabited. Whiston 
makes rbirwv = xw/n'ow, places, i. e. forts, and compares Virg., JEn. II., 
573 : Trojse et patriae communis Erinnys. — 13. irapcurxcov —furnished, 
— 14. dir€(TTpdcj>T]T6. The passive aTroarpefecrdcu is constantly thus 
constructed with the accusative, without any preposition to connect 
them. The same remark applies to all verbs of motion. Madvig, 
G. S., 21, r. 2 ; C. 472, f ; Cu. 398 ; H. 544, a. Render: and how it 
is that you did not turn away from him as soon as ever you saw him, I 
wonder. — 15. <tkotos. The neuter gender of this word is specially 
affected by Demosthenes (p. 411, 1. 25, etc.), but is rare in Attic au- 
thors generally. — 16. irpd. Between you and the truth, lit. abiding 
with you before the truth. 

160 - 167. In denouncing the political career of JEschines, 
i have now come to speak of my own career at the time. 
Discerning Philip's objects, I resisted them to the utmost ; 

NOT THAT MY POLICY WAS ORIGINAL ; I ONLY FOLLOWED BETTER 
MEN, WHOM YOU, iEsCHINES, CRINGED TO LIVING, THOUGH YOU RE- 
VILE THEM DEAD. I REPEAT, IT WAS YOU AND YOUR ACCOMPLICES 
WHO BY THAT POLICY BROUGHT US NEAR TO RUIN. 

160. P. 58, 1. 3. el eye!) fxev. If, after I sustained on my part the 
doing of the labor for your sokes, yet you on your part 7vill not have patience 
to hear the words which describe them. The common antithesis of 'ipyov 
and \6yo$ = realities and reports, avruv is objective gen. — 161. 5. 
opwv -yap kyd>. For seeing that the Tlubans and, to some extent, you 



. NOTES. 209 

also, under the influence of the partisans of Philip and those who were 
bribed in either state, were overlooking and in no single point guarding 
against what was dangerous and required much watching, viz., suffering 
the growth of Philip. eKarepois each of the two .(Athens and Thebes) 
separately, opposed, as Dissen observes, to dp-cporepocs, both collectively. — 
14. 'Api<rro<|>wvTa, 70, and Ei)(3ov\ov also. — 15. irpa£ai. To achieve 
this friendship, i. e. between Athens and Thebes. The avTiXeyovras 
which follows is concessive, cf. 142, ei'Sws ; 146, Kparovvrt. — 18. 
KivaSos, cf. Kijpj3t5, KporaKov, Kivados, Tptifi-n, Aristoph., Nub., 448. — 
ous. This accusative is governed by nokaKevwv, but, by an easy zeug- 
ma, suggests the dative which 7raprjKo\ovdeLS requires. iEschines is 
said to have been secretary to Aristophon. — 19. ouk al<r0dvei. You 
fail to perceive, i. e. your stupidity prevents you from perceiving, that 
you denounce them, now they are dead. But the old reading alax^ veL 
gave a better sense : you do not blush to denounce them, now they are dead, 
the imputation of dvaardrjaia is so inconsistent with the epithet dva- 
Sos. However 2 has alcrOdvet and all the editors seem to have adopted 
the correction. — 22. 8oKip.ao-dvra)v, Examined and approved, sanc- 
tioned. — 163. €K€i<re, i. e. to his statements, 147-153. — 23. toutov 
(lev k. t. \. It was through his having caused the war at Amphissa and the 
rest of his accomplices having developed our hostility with Thebes, that Philip 
contrived to come down upon us. — 26. ovirep . .crvveKpovov, the irry pur- 
pose for which these men were embroiling the states, lit. knocking them 
together, cf. 19, and note there. — 27. irpo€£ave'<rTT]|xev. Had we not 
uprisen a little before him, we should never have been able to retrieve our 
position ; to such lengths did these creatures promote the ill-feeling. — P. 59, 
l. 1. pixp 1 is common with an adverb of time or place, as here. So 
with deupo, ivravda, oirot, Tore, rh vvv. — 164. "^H#I2MA. The 
contents of this and the three following documents are sufficient to 
stamp them as forgeries. The orator introduces them by saying that 
they will show the state of feeling existing between Athens and 
Thebes at the time. Now the first psephisma says nothing about 
Thebes, and the second next to nothing. Both of them are confined 
to an account of the state of affairs between Athens and Macedon. 
The same remark applies to the first apocrisis, and the second refers 
only to Thebes in its relation to Macedon. After the documents have 
been read, the orator describes them (168) as of a nature to exasperate 
Thebes against Athens, and encourage Philip to attack Elatea. 
Nothing in the documents justifies this description. Some other 

N 



210 NOTES. 

indications of spuriousness will be noticed in their place. — *Hpoir\i- 
0ov. No such person was Archon in the year 339 or 338. But Ela- 
tea was captured in the winter of 339, or at latest at the beginning 
of 338. — (3o"u\iis..."Yvw|xt|, cf. psephisina, 37, and note there. — &s 
[kiv, 71, note s. v. — K€<j>aXcu&>. In fine, to 5' odv necpaXaiov 213 
(inf.). — empdXXcTai. This use is quite classical : throws himself upon, 
i. e. desires, purposes. — elpTJVTjv. But the peace of 346 had been 
regularly broken in 340 (89, €v<rrds), and if any subsequent peace 
had been made, the orator or iEschines would surely have mentioned 
it. — 8e86x0cu. . Cf. 29, note. — cl 8e (jwfj. But, failing that (the con- 
stant formula of apodosis to fidXicrra idv, above all), i. e. as the most 
desirable alternative if it can only be achieved : in the simplest para- 
phrase = */ possible .. .but at any rate. On the construction of el 8e fir/ 
see Madvig's G. S., 194, b ; C. 717 ; H. 754, b. — dvoxds. Inducias. 
The usual Attic form is apoKwxv- — OapYTjXioovos. The next month 
but one to Elaphebolion, Munychion intervening. See Calendar 
in Smith's Die. Ant. — 165. iroX6p.dpxov yvu>\Kr\. There is no au- 
thority for supposing that the Archon Polemarch had any distinctive 
voice or power on these occasions. Droysen notices this as one of 
the marks of forgery in the document. — KrjpvKa. It is highly im- 
probable that the herald would be mentioned in any psephisina. 
S chafer suggests, as a reason, quo plus Philippo offerretur religionis. 
But a herald would be attached to such a party as a matter of course, 
and would need no official mention. — ev8exop.e'v«s. Post -classical : 
appears in Polybius : "pro ratione temporum, i. q. en tCov ivdexo/J-evcov." 
Eeiske. — P. 60. |X€Tpuov, i. e. under any reasonable condition, toler- 
able position. — 166. x at P €lv « Greeting. Cf. 39, note. — ctfpconv. 
Instead of the more usual irpoaipeacv. So Plato, Phcedr., 256 c. — 
o-irovSTJv. Effort. — [ii\. Classical Greek would require ov, as the 
sentence is causal, not conditional. — i£ viroo-Tpocj^s. Reversing the 
procedure, i. e. doing the opposite of what the Thessalians, etc., have 
done. The phrase is quite classical, though somewhat too poetical 
for its surroundings here. — ircirXiip.ii.eX^fi.evoi. This use of the pas- 
sive ir\r;[JLfxe\e'i(rdcu as meaning to be injured is quite classical, though 
rare. — irXvuiAekovfievos 8e taxi ovk £v diKy XoidopvOeis. Platon., Phozdr., 
275 (end). — o-u-yKaTaTiOejiai, sc. ttjv avrrjv do^av. And so Plato 
writes it in full, Gorgias, 501, C. / concur with. — irapaireixxJ/avTCS. 
Having dismissed. Post-classical ; the usual sense being to convey or 
to escort. — 167. AII0KPI2IS. Even if this were genuine, it would 



NOTES. 211 

be of little value without the Theban resolution which it professes to 
answer. — 8wm. Sup., 155. — irpocr<j>epovTai. Proffer: post-classical 
in this sense : the verb usually meaning to take (food or medicine). — 
o-vYKaTaivovs. Abettors : a post-classical word. — KaTeytyvcoo-Kov. / 
was disposed to blame you on the prospect of your being persuaded. A 
harsh construction where we should rather expect ws fieWovruv. — 
P. 61. ot<mv poirrjv. Bring you no small advantage, poirrj as the criti- 
cal turn of the scale is quite classical, and as common in prose as in 
poetry. However, exception has been taken to the phrase as it stands 
here by Winston and others. It is. perhaps unsuitable to a purely- 
formal document. — irpo0e'o-€ws. Purpose: not used in this sense by 
the Attic writers, but found in Aristotle, Polybius, etc. 

168. In brief this was how Philip broke up our union and 
won the day. eemember our excitement at the time of ela- 
tea's capture. 

4. 'EXa/reiav. Cf. note 143. It was 78 miles from Athens, and 
commanded the approach towards that city. — ovS' &v A. This to is 
repeated with av/xirvevadvTUP, Madvig, 138 ; C. 622. The phrase el 
tl yhoLTG is euphemistic : even if some awful crisis were to happen, odd' 
e't tl irddois, Theocr., VIII., 10. — 5. o-vp/irvevo-dvTcov in this parti- 
cipial construction has the force of the optative mood. C. 658, a ; 
Cu. 595 ; G. 226, 3 ; H. 803. There is a varia lectio aviJLvevvbvTwv, 
which, strange to say, has been adopted by Bremi and others. But 
TTveoi and its compounds use only the middle form of the future, 
never the active. — i\\i(ov. As though the Thebans and ourselves would 
never again co-operate, come what might. 

169 — 179. At that fatal crisis, when in full assembly 
Athens appealed to her statesmen for direction, who was 

IT THAT ROSE TO ANSWER ? I ALONE. If EVER THERE WAS A DE- 
mand for true patriotism and sound policy, that was the 
time. so i moved a resolution that we should co-operate 
with Thebes in resistance to Macedon ; that our envoys 
should be despatched forthwith, and our army at once make 
a demonstration. 

169. 9. 'Eo-n-epa. This splendid pictorial passage is duly lauded 
by Longinus (c. 10) and Hermogenes (p. 284) : quoted also by Dio- 
dorus, XYL, 84. — 10. irpuTdveis who, from their official position, 
would be the first recipients of all intelligence. <bs = Trpos. C. 711, a ; 
Cu. 445; G. 191, 3; H. 614, 621.— 11. SeiirvowTes in the Pryta- 



212 NOTES. 

neum at the public expense : a privilege of their office. Athen., V., 
p. 186, A. — 12. I^ip-yov. Began driving the shopkeepers from their booths 
in the Agora, sc. in order to clear the Agora, so that the Ecclesia might 
be convened with all possible expedition. Aristoph., Ach., 21, 2. — 
13. -yeppa. Wicker-work literally, but used, according to Harpocration, 
of any covering or roofing, whether it were canvas or leather, or other- 
wise. All editions seem to understand it here either as sheds, or else 
coverings of the (TK-qval. I cannot but think myself that it refers to 
the yippa which fenced in the place of assembly so as to exclude 
strangers (c. Necer., p. 1375). They expected a "monster meeting" 
under such exciting circumstances, and made every preparation to 
receive an extraordinary number. To save time they burnt the 
hurdles instead of carrying them away, and so threw open ample 
space for all comers. - — eveTrip/irpcurav. To serve as a beacon, accord- 
ing to Schafer, but, as Winston truly observes, the Agora was not a 
likely situation for that purpose. The sole object of burning these 
articles was most probably to clear them all away as fast as possible. 
— <TTpaTT]"yotis. At such a crisis of the war a formal conference be- 
tween the Strategi and the Boule would be necessary ; and probably 
it was desirable that the Ecclesia should be convened by a joint proc- 
lamation from the Strategi and the Boule (37) in order to make the 
summons as impressive and imperative as possible. — 14. caXiriKT^v. 
Perhaps it was a special formality to send out the summons by the 
crakirLKT-qs, as well as by the ordinary KripvKes, whenever the Strategi 
were responsible for calling the Ecclesia together. The invariable 
use of acLkiriKT-ns as a military term, and its juxtaposition to arpaT-r)- 
yotis here, combine to suggest this notion. In the spelling of <ra\TriK*> 
Trfs I have followed Dindorf and all the modern editors, who agree 
in omitting the y. But cf. Lidd. and Sc. s. v. — p.gTcire'p.irovTO . . . 
ItcdXovv, imperfect, indicating the simultaneous occurrence of many 
exhibitions of alarm. — 16. &|ia ttj rgpipa. At dawn of day: there 
was nothing, however, extraordinary in this : the early hour of these 
meetings is constantly noticed : Aristoph., Ach., 20, Eccl., 312, 377, 
etc. — ckoLXow. These imperfects add to the pictorial force of the 
description. — 17. povXevrripiov. A brief notice of the topography 
is here almost indispensable. The Bouleuterion stood in the Agora, 
probably on the extreme eastern side just below the Tholus or Pryta- 
neum, which was in the northeast corner. Thus they were both 
immediately at the foot of the Acropolis, which bounded the Agora 



NOTES. 213 

on the east. — 18. irpiv. So eager were they to commence the business 
that they went and took their seats in the Pnyx long before the Boule 
had had time to consider and prepare their report. — 19. &vco, i. e. 
on the top of the Pnyx, the Bouleuterion being down in the Agora. 
The Agora occupied the whole of the level valley which was bounded 
on the west by the Pnyx, on the east by the Acropolis, on the north 
by the Areopagus, and on the south by the Museum. The members 
of the Boule, when adjourning to the Pnyx with their report, would 
have to traverse the Agora from east to west and ascend the hill of 
the Pnyx. For fuller particulars see the excellent article Athene 
in Smith's Die. Geog., or Wordsworth's Athens. — 170. 20. clo-f|X0€v, 
sc. into the Pnyx, having held their deliberations in the Bouleuterion 
and now proceeding to report the result to the Demus, and put the 
question to their vote. — ol irpvrdvcis. It would be only the com- 
mittee (ol irpoedpoi) who would actually attend to read the report 
(airrf/yeCKav) ; or perhaps only 6 eTriaTdrrjs, as the mouthpiece of the 
whole body. — 21. Trpoarrpjyekpiva, sc. vwb tt)s j3ov\tjs. The report 
which they had been commissioned by the council to deliver. — 22. 
irapri'Ya-yov. Introduced to the meeting the messenger who had come. Cf. 
Aristoph., Ach., 22-172, for a description of the ordinary proceeding 
at an Ecclesia. — elirev. Had told his tale ; i. e. told the Demus the 
details which he had already told to the Prytanes and Boule. — f|p»Ta. 
Kept asking: the imperfect sense being here strongly marked. — tis 
d-yopeveiv PovXeTai ; The regular form of commencing the business. 
Aristoph., Ach., 45. — P. 62, 1. 3. irapdvTcov. The force of the par- 
ticipial construction is concessive. — 4. pTjTopwv contrasts curiously 
with a-rparrp/Qv, the latter being officials appointed by the state, the 
former merely self-appointed professionals, but yet recognized as a 
class, and a class on a par with the state officers. Our own "Gov- 
ernment" and "Press" suggest an analogy. — 5. tov Ipovv0\ Some 
one to speak for the common weal, acorrfpias, as usual, of sound condition 
reconstituted from a state of decay or danger. The absence of the 
article is noticed by Reiske, but, as Schafer comments, "artieulo 
facile caremus : p. 146, 11." — 171. 10. to pfffxa.. The famous \idos, 
a cubic platform of ten feet cut out of the rock in the middle of the 
Pnyx semicircle. — 12. oi rpiaKoo-iot, i. e. the first class of the Fi- 
nance Sections : their arrangement has been already described (10, 
Tj-yefiovas) in the account of the Naval Sections, whose organization 
was identical. — d^oTepa, in apposition with to6s, those who were both 



214 NOTES. 

those things at once, loyal to the state and wealthy. — 14. oi...liri86vT€S, 
those who subsequently gave the great voluntary contributions, tiridoaeis are 
gifts after or in addition to their quota of assessed taxes. — 172. 17. 
7rapT|Ko\ov0T]K6Ta. Who had followed up, traced the course of. 6 ra 
toijtov Trovr,pe{i}xa,T aKpipeaTara elS&s iyk /cat iraprjKoXovdriKws airaai., 
p. 423, 1. 23. Cf. St. Luke's Gospel, c. i., v. 3. — 18. <rv\\ekoyi<r- 
|Aevov. Perf. Midd. who had concluded: qui collegisset. — 21. ovt\ 
The reduplication of the 'negatives throughout this clause is. very 
noticeable. — 22. gp.eX.Xev. Was no more likely. C. 598 ; Cu. 501 ; 
H. 711. — 173.24. ovtos. Well, then: I showed myself the man, sc. &v 
6 natpbs €K€lpos kclI i] Tjfxipa eKeiv-q etcdXet. "With this emphatic position 
of eyd) cf. 62 (fin. ). — 25. &. The relative must here he paraphrased 
for the sake of the English : I spoke before you., .and hear what I said, with 
your best attention, for two reasons. — P. 63, 1. 1. Taijiv. My post, 138 
(fin.). Winston cites c. Mid., 155, \e\oiiriuau rqv rov 8lko.Lov rd£tj>. 
— 2. e^Ta^op/qv. Approved myself, 197 (fin.). — 3. cjjofkpois. In 
the very hour of panic. (po(3epos always of horrors only, fieivjs of won- 
ders also. — piKpov in pointed antithesis to ttoX\$. — 4. Tfjs. The 
genitive depends on to, Xoiird, not on ijuLweLpdrepoi : you will have far 
greater knowledge for the future of your whole administration. — 174. 5. 
clirov. So in Philip. II., Demosthenes quotes at length from a speech 
which he had addressed to the Messenians and the Argives. — 6. 
{iirapxovTcov. Were supporting Philip. So 358, 7, rov ^'lXltttov wrdp- 
X^iv avTocs, they had Philip, i. e. as a substantial basis of support. 
Cf. U7rd/)£cu in 1 (note). In the older editions <f>L\wv was inserted 
after virapxbvruv here, but Bekker. erased it. See Sehafer's note. — 
175. 14. TjvTpema-rai. Perf. Midd. ; the action being for his own 
interest. — 18. eirapcu. Supply /3oi/\erat, in ansAver to the question 
above. — 176. 22. Suo-koXov. Unpleasant, euphemism for kclkov. The 
state of feeling between Thebes and Athens has often already been 
adverted to ; 96, etc. — 23. @i]Paiois, dat. of the agent by the The- 
bans, C. 461 ; Cu. 434; G. 188, 3; H. 600. —P. 64, 1. 1. Observe 
the emphatic position of ap.<poT€pot. — 2. irpos tw. Close applica- 
tion to the subject is here the preposition's force, irepl &v hv \eyu 
obviously belongs to both the infinitives. — 177. 6. fxeTa0€<r0ai, sc. 
rbv <pbfiov: i. e. they are to dismiss apprehension for themselves, and 
to entertain apprehension for Thebes. — 7. twv Seivwv, gen. with 
eY7tfs. C. 445; Cu. 415; G. 182; H. 589.-8. irpoTe'pois. As a 
predicate : the peril is theirs first. — 9. IfjeXGovras. Secondly that all 



NOTES. 215 

of you who are of the age (i. e. for military service, 18 to 60) and all 
your cavalry should march out towards Eleusis and show the world that you 
are yourselves under arms. The article rovs has from the context the 
force of Tr&itras vfxds in both cases. The road to Thebes via Eleusis 
was the most convenient for an army, though not the most direct, as 
Whiston points out. — 12. «£ IVou y(vi]rai. May have equal liberty to 
speak boldly. Literally : that this liberty may arise for them on a par. 
— 13. wo-irep, i. e. that both sides will have equal military support. 
— 178. 19. Kvpiovs. To give them absolute power in conjunction with the 
Strategi to settle their time of going there (to Thebes) and the campaign. — 
24. alcrxpos. Because they would not be in a position to refuse. 
Observe the fondness of the Greek for the personal, or subjective form 

— it would be dishonorable under the circumstances. — P. 65, 1. 1. ical (L. 
If Kai is here both, it introduces the apodosis extending to irpd^w/xev : 
if Kai is and, the apodosis is not expressed but understood to be iravra 
ed ?xv or the like : a common aposiopesis before el 8e firj. Mad v. , 
194, b, r. The former is to be preferred. — 8io>kt]|jl€voi. The middle 
voice again with the sense of action for their own interest. — 2. 
•jrpo<rx^|AaTos, Holmes renders here magnificence. But the commen- 
tators generally, with better reason, take the word in its more ordi- 
nary sense of pretext, or apparent motive, sc. of acting disinterestedly. 

— 3. &v 8' &pa p/f| <rup.pfj. If after all it be not our fortune to succeed. 
Having done everything in their own power for success, their failure 
could only be attributed to rtixv- — 179. 5. Tavxa. The extreme 
ease and simplicity of the orator's language on this occasion has been 
noticed by all commentators, and is obvious to any reader. It may 
be very reasonably supposed that the orator at such a crisis would 
speak his very plainest, dismissing all elaboration and rhetorical orna- 
ment. So Lord Brougham appears to understand him. — 8. cIttov 
piv. This vigorous climax has been universally admired, perhaps a 
little beyond its merits, which are due rather to the exquisitely anti- 
thetic power of fi4v and 8e than to any intrinsic vigor of thought in 
the sentence. / did not speak thus, and yet not move a resolution ; and I 
did not move a resolution, and yet not serve on the embassy ; and I did not 
serve on the embassy, and yet not convince the Thebans. Instead of yet 
not, Drake well renders ovK...de by then not. However we render the 
passage, it will be awkward and clumsy in English. The Latin trans- 
lators are equally hampered. Aquila Komanus (p. 21) has "et non 
dixi hsec quidem non autem scripsi, etc." Quintilian (ix., 3), cited 



216 NOTES. 

by Whiston, "nee hsec quidem dixi sed nee scripsi, etc." The noto- 
rious instance of climax in Cicero (pro Mil, 23) is effected by "nee 
solum... sed etiam" in each clause. — 11. gSwK. / devoted myself en- 
tirely to your interests. Cf. rots deivols avrods didbvcu 97, where the sense 
of self-sacrifice is yet more prominent. — 12. els. In the face of, i. e. 
so as to meet and encounter. — 13. <J>€p€. Apparently the clerk has 
to search for the document, and while they are waiting for it the 
orator seizes the opportunity for the following lament. 

180. Ay, iEsCHINES, what was my part in the drama, 

AND WHAT WAS YOURS ? WAS YOUR SCENIC MAJESTY OF MUCH 
SERVICE TO HIS COUNTRY ? OR WAS IT YOUR DERIDED RIVAL WHO 
W T AS HERO OF THE HOUR ? 

16. 0w, ponam: depict, represent. — 18. BdrTaXov. Some MSS. 
have BdraXov, but not so well ; the a of the first syllable is short by 
nature, and yet Athenseus in a pentameter (IV., 176, D) quotes the 
word as a dactyl : kclI rbv ev dKprjTois BdrraXov rj8virbTT)i>. As to the 
meaning of the nickname there are various solutions offered. The 
Scholiasts on iEschin., p. 17, 1. 42, render it ■profligate, effeminate, giv- 
ing several different derivations, (1) as the actual name of a flute- 
player or poet Batalus, notorious for his effeminacy : (2) as the 
name of the viroirbSiov (instrument for beating time) which the 
flute-player worked with his right foot ; hence metaphorically a 
term of contempt. They add one or two coarser etymologies. iEsehi- 
nes (p. 41, 1. 13) explains the name similarly as given 8i alvxpovpyiav : 
and he quotes with derision the explanation of Demosthenes, that it 
was a pet name given him in infancy by his nurse (p. 17, 1. 42). 
Schafer, with the approval of Whiston, Drake, and many of the best 
editors, connects the name with ^arroXoyeip and takes it as an allu- 
sion to the orator's notorious defect in speech. It is probably ono- 
matopoetic, like our words stammer and stutter. — prfi' . . .rvyjovra. 
Not even an ordinary hero, i. e. more than an ordinary ; cf. ovde yap &v 
'(ztvxw fy, 130. — 19. t<3v dirb tt)s o-kt^vtjs, those of the stage, i. e. one 
of the characters so often acted on the stage. See Lex. , sub dirb. It 
was the privilege of third-rate actors to act such tyrants and kings as 
Cresphontes and Creon. k<sriv wo-rrep yepas rots TpiTayuvto-Tcus to tovs 
rvpdvvovs /cat roiis rd (rKrjirrpa ^x ovTas ^laiivai, p. 418, 1. 12. — Kpc- 
cr<j>6vTT]v. A play of Euripides bore this name. Aristotle's Poet., 
14, 19. iElian tells us (V. H., 14, 40) that Merope, wife of Cresphon- 
tes, was the chief character in this tragedy, and Plutarch (ilior., 



NOTES. 217 

998 E) describes her in one of the scenes as taking up an axe to slay 
her son. Cresphontes, according to early history, was a Heracleid, 
king of Messenia, murdered in a rebellion by Polyphontes, one of his 
nobles, who then constrained Merope to marry him. "Welcker con- 
jectures that the action of the drama would be all subsequent to the 
death of Cresphontes, who would only appear to speak the prologue, 
as a ghost, like Polydorus in the Hecuba. — Kpe'ovTa. In the Anti- 
gone of Sophocles ; also a subordinate part. — 20. KoXXvtw. One 
of the demes where dramatic performances took place during the rural 
Dionysia, outside the boundaries of the city. The site of Collytus 
was in the valley between the Pnyx and the Museum. It was the 
deme where Plato resided, and probably iEschines also, if we can 
trust at all to the evidence of the spurious letters. KoXXjjtov ev £ 
Trevre /cat rerrapaKOVTa 'irrj ak?7<ra. [iEschin.] Ep. 5. — Olvofiaov. In 
the (Enomaus of Sophocles, where the principal part would, of course, 
be that of Pelops or else Hippodamia. — kcikws. You murdered by your 
vile acting. One MS., b, inserts kclkos before kcikQs, greatly improving 
the sentence, but none of the Other MSS. contain it. \t is probably 
the embellishment of some later hand. "With eirtrpL^as we can com- 
pare iXv/jLalvov, 267. Dissen cites Memnona iugulare. Hor., 1 Sat., X., 
36. — {nroKpivd|Ji€Vos. The story goes that iEschines, on one occa- 
sion, tripped and fell down on the stage while running after Pelops in 
the character of (Enomaus (Vit. ^Eschin.). Others opine that his 
fall was only metaphorical, KaTair'nrTeiv corresponding to (rvplrreaQai 
(explodi) = to break down and be hissed off the stage. — 21. Ilaiavtevs, 
i. e. he accepts the name of contempt and facetiously adds his own 
correct address ; similarly he bestows on iEschines the name of dig- 
nity, attaching also his address in form. "Forsooth I am the mis- 
creant and you the monarch ; well, the miscreant on that occasion 
was the hero of the hour, the monarch of Elis was a mere nonentity." 
— 181. P. 66. "^H^ISMA. Another forgery; the name of the Archon 
is wrong ; the whole document is pointless and un grammatical, need- 
lessly long, and as feeble as it is verbose. That such a composition 
should claim Demosthenes for its author is, of course, ridiculous. 
Even Yomel does not defend it. There is a special absurdity in sup- 
posing he could have written the mythical allusions with which the 
psephisma concludes. — NavoriKXe'ovs. The date is still 339, of which 
year the real Archon was Lysimachidas. This forgery is also inconsistent 
with the forgery of § 164, where the Archon's name is given as Hero- 
10 



218 NOTES. 

pythes ; it must be remembered that both documents, from their con- 
tents, refer to the same year, that the former is dated Thargelion, 
this latter Skirophorion (the next month later), between which months 
no change of Archon would naturally occur. — 6 MaKeSdvwv |3a<ri- 
Xevs. Philip in an Athenian document would usually be called 6 Ma- 
i<eduiu. And so one MS. reads : another merely omits ftaoiketis. — 
orwGTJKas. According to Bohnecke, the peace of Philocrates, B. C. 346. 
Cf. 20. — iroXeis. On the Thracian coast (27). — -H-pod-yei. Post- 
classical for irpoepxerai (cf. p. 29, 1. 18). — 182. ejwj>povpovs. Post- 
classical in this sense: (ppovpdv eicnqyayev els... iEschin., p. 532. — 
ovSc'v. This censorious observation is quite out of place in a public 
resolution, and is only worthy of so poor a forgery as this. — KaTa- 
Kopcos. Post-classical for daeXyus (cf. p. 120, 1. 10). — 183. I8ias. 
Proprias nostras ; Athenian ; whereas (3apj3apovs means the Thracian 
wdXeis ovdev Trpocrvnoijoras in 181, distinct from rivas nai 'Advpaliov. — 
atiTov, sc. top drjp,ov : meaning that Athens was indifferent so long as 
the aggression was merely on their own colonies ; but when it came 
to be on 'EXXrjviKas irSXeis, then Athens could refrain no longer. — 184. 
8td. There is no apodosis to the long sentence eireid-q . . .KaradovXovpuE- 
vovs. Schafer. however, considers this as Demosthenic and compares 
126. Grote (XL, 673) remarks on this psephisma, that it implies 
that Athens was now about to pass out of pacific relations with Philip, 
whereas, on the contrary, they had for some time been at war, a fact 
which made the seizure of Elatea all the more formidable and sig- 
nificant. — €v£ap,evovs. This passage is apparently adapted from the 
beginning of Xenoph., Cyrop., II., -rrpoaev^afihoLaL dedis nod rjpwat rots 
HepcrLda. yrju KaT^x ov<7LV (which Schafer cites as an illustration). 
Dissen, however, takes it seriously as a natural preparation for a 
"bellum gravissimum futurum." — TJpwo-i, sc. iTrwvijfAois, whose ten 
statues stood in the Agora. — 8ton. Post-classical for on as in 155, 
167. — vavctpxov, 73, note s. v. — 185. P. 67. dWoTpiov. By eu- 
phemism ; as 5ijctko\ov, 176, which section illustrates this whole 
clause. — dXXo<J>v\ov. The Macedonians were a mixture of Illyrians 
and Pelasgians. The orator disregards the claim of their kings to be 
descended from the Argive Temenidse, Her., Y., 22, VIII., 137. He 
always speaks of Philip as fiappapov (p. 35, p. 119, etc.). — otfT€...T<3 
6fJio<{>vXto>, neither in connection by families nor identity of race. ofiocpOXoc, 
of course, as Hellenes, and avyyeveh, as is conjectured, through the 
Gephyrsei, an Athenian gens originally from Thebes. Whiston. — 



NOTES. 219 

diro(TT€pov[JL6vovs. By Eurystheus, according to traditional history. 
Cf. Miiller, Dor., I., p. 54. — OlSCirow. (Edipus had been a connect- 
ing link between Thebes and Athens, as we see in Soph., 0. C, 91, 
1521. — irepa, e. g. at Haliartus, 395 ; in the recovery of the Cadmea 
at Thebes, 379 ; in the alliance between Thebes and Athens, 378, etc. 
The reference is to services rendered by the Athenians, which would 
serve as a precedent for their rendering similar services now. — 187. 
cm-yap-iav, 91. — irpe<rf3€is. Only five names are given, yet in 178 
we read x eL P OTOV W ai - KeXeiju dei«x 7rpecr/3ets. 

188-191. This decree proved our salvation. If there 
was anything better we could have done, why did no one 
point it out at the time ? or why does no one point it out 
even now? it is just the difference between statesman- 
ship and faction, that the former commits itself to respon- 
sibilities, the latter simply carps at events and results. 

3. virb tovtcov, i. e. by the Athenian political party who favored 
Macedon. — P. 68, 1. 1. wo-irep ve'tpos. Why this trite simile should 
be so much admired by Longinus, Hermogenes, Demetrius, etc., is 
not so easy to understand. To say, as they do, that the rhythm of 
the sentence is perfect, is only the same as saying it is Demosthenic. 
But I cannot see that in this passage the orator has at all surpassed 
himself. — 2. jj.^ vvv €irm|i&v. Observe the force of the pres. inf. in 
contrast ^|ith the aor. (5et£cu) : not to be censuring now. — 189. 3. 6 "ydp. 
For the Statesman and the Sneak, though alike in nothing, differ from each 
other most in this; the one speaks Ms mind before the event and commits 
himself to the mercy of those who have believed him, of fortune, of occasion, 
of any one that chooses ; while the other holds his tongue when he ought to 
have spoken, and afterwards, if anything unpleasant results, comes girding 
at that. The word <rvKocp&vT7)s (118) is quite untranslatable, but had 
come to be synonymous by this time with irovrjpos, cf. iEsch., F. L., 
105 : i] T&v irovrip&v koivt] eTruvv/uLia. Whiston translates it caviller or 
common accuser; Lord Brougham, partisan ; Kennedy, pettifogger; while 
all agree that no English word renders it exactly, since the thing 
exactly does not exist out of Athens. The redundant tQv dXXcov dis- 
appears in English. By rois ireL<rdei<n we understand the members 
of the state who have accepted the policy suggested by the cnjfi^ovXos, 
and who hold him responsible' accordingly ; the success or failure of his 
policy depends on circumstances, in which sense he is also liable to 
these. fiavKatveiv in the sense of reviling takes an accusative either 



220 NOTES. 

of the person or thing (p. 94, 1. 10). By t£> fiovkoixivtp is meant any 
member of the state who may choose to rise and speak against the 
statesman after his policy has been proved a failure ; such a member 
is distinct from oi irei<rd6vTes, inasmuch as he may have opposed the 
policy at the time, or may have passed it in silence without expressing 
approval. — 190. 10. ckcivos in strong contrast to vvv which follows. 
— <|>povTt£ovTOS. J/Vho has a regard for the state and for saying what is 
right: Xbycav in reference to aiyrjo-as above. — 12. virep(36\T]v. / make 
such a superabundance of concession, i. e. I show a generosity which is 
simply extravagant in giving my opponents another chance of attack- 
ing me. Demosthenes specially affects the word vTr€p(36Xrj. (p. 35, 
1. 18 ; p. 553, 1. 12, etc.) — 13. €vfjv. Was practicable, lit. was ad- 
mitted by the circumstances of the crisis. — 16. p-fj \a0eiv, this ought 
not to have escaped me. The me is emphatic. — 17. priSe'irco, not even 
to this day: ko.1 again intensive. Another good example of the redu- 
plicated negative. Cf. 139. — 18. <paivopev<*>v. Visible: illustrated 
by 8e2£cu and ebpaKev above. — 191. 21.^ ov. The amusing sarcasm is 
sufficiently explained by the context tovto paaKaivei, 189; viretidwov 
T V T vXV {ib.). — 22. iY"yx>&o-0cu. To be answerable for. eav apa y,i\ 
ripes ed£Xoxnv avrbv tQiv (piXcov . eyyvaadai re /ecu avveKTivovTes aireXev- 
depovv, Plat., Leg., 955, B. — 25. &X\cu Yet, introducing the apo- 
dosis, %5ei£as being of course supplied in the protasis. This use of 
dXXd, though common in conditional sentences, is rare in ^ausal. = — 
26. tIs in an indirect question, 73, note. By the slight trajection of 
-rj this rt's is made to refer to Xoyos and Kcupbs equally. — 27. ttj iroXei. 
Dative of relation, here decidedly in the category en commodi. — P. 69, 
1. 1. o-vppaxia. Combined also with irpa^Ls above, 22. — 2. tov- 
To-uo-t. Deictic : he would point to his present hearers, the Athenian 
nation in assembly. 
192 - 195. Look at the principle of my policy, not at the 

ISSUE OF EVENTS. Of COURSE, NO ONE CAN COMMAND SUCCESS, BUT 
DID I OMIT ANY MEANS TO DESERVE IT ? THE STORM WRECKED OUR 
VESSEL, BUT DID THE CAPTAIN NEGLECT HIS DUTY ? If WE FARED 
THUS BADLY EVEN WITH THE THEBANS FOR ALLIES, WHAT SHOULD 
WE HAVE DONE WITHOUT THEM ? 

192. 3. to p£v TrapsXTjXvGds. "Let the dead past bury its dead " ; 
"Let bygones be bygones." — 4. dtpetrai. The perfect gives the 
force of utter and thorough dismissal. — 6. airctiTet. Demands the 
office of a statesman, i. e. requires the statesman to be at his post and 



NOTES. 221 

taking his proper part. See 13, Toijei. — 8. irpoatpeo-iv. Principle, 
12. Cf. also 93. — p/r|...<rvKO<{>dvT€i. Do not be continually carping at 
the events, ire pas, which follows, corresponds exactly to exitus and end. 
So also tAos in the next sentence. — 193. 15. Xo-yurpdv. Calculation, 
i. e. forecasting of the future and preparations to meet it. — 16. xnrep 
8vvap.iv. With an industry above my power; i. e. an extraordinary and 
amazing effort. — 17. Ivca-rqo-dp/qv. To he taken with ov, which be- 
longs to the verb entirely here, not to the adjectives : that I did not 
institute. — 18. tot tjStj. Turn demum: then but not before, 47 (last 
note). — 194. 19. crK-qirrds. Most MSS. add ?} x eL ^ v i but Keiske 
and Bremi concurred in expunging those words as a gloss. So also 
Dindorf. The word aK-qirTos, as its etymology indicates, would 
equally describe a squall or a thunderbolt. The gloss would limit it to 
the former sense, whereas the latter is more appropriate here. "With 
the metaphor Bremi compares x eL P-^PP 0VS ; 153. — 20. p€i£«v. So 
iXdrTOJv (142) in the converse meaning (Madv., 90, r. 4) : too strong 
for. — 21. oio-ircp &v introduces the implied answer to the question 
which precedes. Do just as you would in the case of the captain of 
the vessel, that is, not censure him, nor hold him responsible for the 
shipwreck when he has done all he can to prevent it. C. 662 d ; H. 
754. — vcuikXtipov. Ship's captain : originally the captaiu was always 
the owner of the vessel, so that the two senses were embodied in vati- 
nX-npos; afterwards the sense of ownership disappears, and that of 
seamanship, or supreme direction, predominates. — 22. <r«TT]pia, for 
a safe voyage. This technical sense of o-ibfco-dai as applied to a ship 
is notorious (cf. p. 883, 1. 15, etc.) : so acodrjcreaOac which immediately 
follows would strictly mean to arrive safe in harbor. — Ka.Ta<rK€'udo-avTa, 
after he had fitted up: another nautical phrase, and so crtcevCov {tackle) 
which follows. — 24. xprjo-dpevov, usum. Having met with, or experi- 
enced. The verb xpcD/icu, like utor and our word experience, applies to 
any material or influence, whether beneficial or pernicious, with which 
the subject is brought in contact. Cf. airXoia xPV a '^ at - Eur., I. A., 88. 
— irovT]<rdvTft)v, labored, in the nautical sense, i. e. suffered. \cu<pos 
otolv Xd^rjirovos dpavofxevas Kepaias. iEsch., Eumen., 526. — 25. <rvv- 
Tpt(3evTa>v. Another nautical phrase : wrecked: (pv\acrcrop.evovs rCbv 
veCov /x-fy £vvTpL\pa)<TLv. Thuc, IV., 11. — 26. eKvfiipvuv. There was 
nothing to prevent a vaiKk-qpos from steering his own vessel. But the 
orator, of course, cites an instance where the Kvfiepv-qriqs has been left 
in sole charge of the helm. — 27. wcnrep ovS', just as I too myself was 



222 NOTES. 

not in command. The force of ovdt is to emphasize the parallel, where 
the case of a <rijfi(3ov\os differs from that of a vaiK\npos : in the next 
sentence the cases are identical and the negative becomes o#re. See 
Madv., 208, r; C. 701, 1, c; Cu. 625; H. 858. — 195, P. 70, L 3. 
etp.apTO sums np the effect of tijxv, ° daifioiv, 6 Beds. — ovT<os...'irpa£ai, 
to fare thus. — 4. p.T)8e, not even : i. e. a different policy would have left 
us without even that advantage. — 5. Ikcivos, sc. Philip. iEschines 
would have been oSros. — cujj-qKe, sent forth letters, messages, addresses 
(literally voices) of every kind. Reiske and Schafer render: nihil indictum 
reliquit, left nothing unsaid. Cf. 277 ; o'ias t6t 7}<piei <pwvas ^LXlttttos. — 
6. el vvv. If, as it was, when the battle was fought three days' march from 
Attica. 656s is constantly used to estimate distance, and rjfiepcov is here 
a genitive of quantity, vvv is used with the same force in the next sen- 
tence, opposed to t6t€, in the other case. — 8. ri\s X"P as > partitive, de- 
pending on irov. — 10. o-rqvai, to stand, to concentrate, to take breath, to 
do many things that conduced to the preservation of the state. The asyndeton 
is especially vigorous, implying rapidity of thought and action at the 
crisis. — Kal 8vo. The conjunctive particle where English requires 
the disjunctive. 104. fiucph, nai. — 12. totc 8\ The common aposi- 
opesis to express horror. Quintil., IX., 3, 61. — & -ye (jujSc. The 
negative fir/ distributes the force of the relative, to which it entirely 
belongs in this clause, having no reference to the verb. — 13. impav 
£8co:<s. Cf. note, 107. The verb has no subject according to the 
reading of my text, which is Dindorf's and also that of the majority 
of editors. Only one MS. reads evvoia...To. The rest all agree in 
reading evvotq,...T<p. Two explanations may be suggested: (1) that 
this is a mixture of constructions not inappropriate in a moment of 
agitation ^Madvig, 216) ; (2) that we understand for the subject of 
£5a;/ce the Supreme Aaificov, as in the elliptical phrases f/et, vl<pei, adei 
k. r. X. Render : It is not worth while to mention those things of which 
we have not even been suffered to undergo the experience through the kind- 
ness of some one of the gods, and by reason of the state having shielded itself 
with this alliance which you inveigh against. 

196 - 198. I ONLY DWELL ON THESE DETAILS FOR THE INSTRUC- 
TION OF YOU WHO ARE MY HEARERS. JESCHINES KNOWS THEM ALL 
FULL WELL, AND FOR HIM I SHOULD HAVE FEW WORDS. He IS THE 
VILEST AND MOST PERNICIOUS OF ALL YOUR POLITICIANS, AND, IF 
THINGS WERE RIGHT, NOT I, BUT HE WOULD BE THE PERSON AR- 
RAIGNED BEFORE YOU THIS DAY. 



NOTES. 223 

196. 16. TavTl...Ta iroXXd. All this my long story, ri ra iroWa av 
\eyoi tls; p. 886 (Jin.). — 17. &jco0€v. Outside the bar, or wooden 
railing (SpvcpaicTos) by which the court was surrounded. Aristoph., 
Eg., 675, etc. — 19. e(-TJpK€t, were enough. The same use of the im- 
perfect and pluperfect obtains in Latin (e. g. Hor., 2 Od., XVII., 
28, and Verg., Georg., II., 132). The imperfect without av is used 
to denote what would be an immediate and easily foreseen conse- 
quence of anything. Cf. Madv., 118, b, where numerous examples 
are given. This was probably the original form of the conditional 
apodosis of past time, and &v, the particle of futurity, would come to 
be added to the verb merely for the sake of greater precision and 
exactness. C. 631, f; Cu. 542. — 22. irpoifiSeis. Udeiada or rj8v<r6a 
are the more common Attic forms in the simple verb, as Winston 
observes in his excellent note, citing Lobeck (Phryn., 237). — 23. 
tois &XXois depends on ttjs avrrjs. Madv., 37, R. 2 ; C. 451 ; Cu. 
436, b ; G. 186 ; H. 603. — 197. P. 71, 1. 3. ou yap, 47 note ovdev 
yap &v. The passage implies a high compliment to the people. — 5. 
ttj iroXet. This dative belongs both to the clause which precedes it 
and to the clause which follows it, referring as much to tovto ireiroLw- 
Kibs as it does to 0aiA6raros and bvap^eviffraros, and being in each case 
dativus incommodi. — 7. 'ApUrrpaTos. It would appear from the con- 
text that Aristratus and Aristolaus were working for Philip's interest 
in their respective localities. History, however, leaves us in the dark 
as to their operations. The sense of Kpivovai is the same as upLvei in 
15, and nada-wa^ resembles our colloquial phrase out-and-out. — 198. 
11. iv€v8oKip.eiv, to be distinguished in, that is, to found a reputation 
upon. The inf. may be explained as an ace. of respect (Holmes), or 
as an inf. of result with which (bare is usually expressed. Dobree 
notices that 'EX\^i/o;j'...d7re'/cetTo is hexametric. — 15. 5t]Xois 8e kox, 
and you show this too. — «v £fjs. Cf. civ (3e(3ltoKev 130, note. — 16. oi> 
iroXiTevei. Kennedy preserves the contrast aptly : your political action 
and your political inaction. — 17. dvT€Kpov<re. oi arparrp/ol evdvs ev 
aOvfxLa ^jaav otl avrols tovto re irp&TOv avreKeicpovKei. Time, VI., 46. 
— 19. pt|7(xaTa Kal cnrdo-|JiaTa. Cf. Olynth., 2, p. 24. (benrep yap ev 
tols <rwp.a<Jiv r\\xdv ews p*ev av ippojp.evos fj tls, ov8£v iir aid 6 aver at riou 
Kad' e/cacrra cradpQv, eirav 8e appib<JTr\\xa tl crv/mfirj iravra Kwelrat, kcLv 
prjy/xa kcLv arpi/xpia k&v a\\o tl tQv vTrapxovTcov aadpbv fj. — 20. Kivei- 
tcu, are disturbed, i. e. the limb originally fractured or sprained gives 
symptoms of the old weakness returning. 



224 NOTES. 

199 - 205. Supposing we had adopted any other policy 
than that, supposing we had demeaned ourselves to sub- 
mit to macedon, how could we have faced the disgrace 
of our position ? how could a nation like ours with its 
spirit and traditions and renown have endured such a 
degradation ? surely in our estimation death is better 
than dishonor. 

199. 21. £yK€iTCU, incumbit in: lays great stress upon: cf. sup. p.r) to. 
<rv{ji[3dvTa crvKocpavrei, 192. ttoXijs is used in the same way (adverbially) 
by Herodotus, VII., 158, and Thucydides, IV., 22.-24. el Y dp, i. e. 
if all had been going on as iEschines falsely represents it to have been. 
On the imperfect tenses, cf. 9, note. — 27. #s. You who did not so 
much as make a sound, did not even open your mouth. — ov8 J ovtws. Not 
even then ought the city to have abandoned this course, if it had any regard 
for its honor, or its forefathers, or its future. By toiutuv is clearly meant 
7rpoecrTavai tQu dWcov, 200. — 200. P. 72, 1. 2. diroTvxeiv, to have 
failed: a good instance of the aorist retaining its preterite sense in 
the infinitive mood. Madv., 172, a. — 4. a|ioi)<ra, after claiming con- 
tinually to be the leader of others, i. e. to lead the rest of Greece in their 
opposition to Philip. Observe the difference between the imperfect 
in d^iovaa and the aorist in diroo-Taaa, the former denoting a con- 
tinued, and the latter a momentary action. — 7. irpoeiro. Pluperf. 
midd. had she thrown away. The adverb clkovlt'i, without a struggle, oc- 
curs in Thuc, IV., 73, Kal avrofc (bairep olkovlti rr\v viKnv 5i/ccuu>s du 
Tideadai. Vocabulum ex palaestra desumptum. Bremi. — ovSe'va... 
ov\, every conceivable peiil. On oi>8els bans ov, see Madv., 105, b, R. 
— 9. \ii\ -yap. Subin. efaco : i. e. you, JEschines, would alone have 
been to blame ; not the state ; not I ; heaven forefend I should name 
either as responsible. A similar ellipse of eiVw in the phrase firj 6ti 
has been already noticed. The genitives irbXews, e/nov are, of course, 
governed by KareTrrvaev. — 201. 10. ecopap-ev &v. With what face, 
pray, could we have looked on any one visiting our city, had matters con- 
verged to their present crisis, and Philip been elected leader and lord of all, 
and had the struggle to -prevent this been fought by others without ourselves, 
and that though our state has never yet, in all her former ages, preferred dis- 
honorable safety to peril for the sake of honor? The whole sentence from 
el rd to riprjixlv-ns is one sustained protasis, of which, however, there 
are two branches, slightly distinct, the first ending with air&vTwv, and 
the 8i of top 5' uwip answering to the /xiv of to. p.4v : i. e. the facts are 



notes. 225 

put as the first consideration, the omissions are put as the second. — 
202. 18. tls...'EWt]vo0v, Tls...(3appdp»v, i. e. -who in the wide world. 
— 19. 0t]Pcu<ov, whose supremacy extended, from the date of Leuc- 
tra to that of Mantinea (18), nine years. — irpdrepov, i. e. between the 
establishment of the Thirty, and the battle of Leuctra ; thirty-three 
years. — 20. Ilepo-wv. Tracing history backwards he arrives at the 
strong point of Athenian history, the period of the Persian wars. 
Dissen cites in illustration here Herod., VIII. , 136-144 ; I.X., 1-5; 
and Philipp., II., p. 68. — 21. x°-P lT °S- That is, they would have been 
thankful to secure at any sacrifice the resignation by Athens of her 
post as the champion of Greece, it being assumed that the strength of 
Greece in reality depended solely on the fact of the Athenian suprem- 
acy. — 22. (3ovX.€tcu. The indicative again in an historic consecution. 
Madv., 130, b. The primary tense is here also the more vigorous. — 
Xaj3oij(rr|. That she should take whatever she phased, retaining also what- 
ever she possessed, provided she ivould submit to dictation, and allow some 
other power to hold the supremacy of Hellas. A striking example of the 
participial clause dominating over the principial clause to which it is 
in form subordinate (Madv., 176, b). We must notice \af3ovarj, the 
aorist, of single acquisition, ixovo-n, the imperfect, of permanent pos- 
session. Cf. d^covcra and airocrTao-a, 200. By to tce\ev6p.euov iroieiv is 
meant simply a state of submission and subjection, the exact opposite 
of irpoeaT&vcu. So again 204. — 20«i 25. iron-pia, national: i. e. the 
feelings which the Athenians, as a nation, inherited from their fore- 
fathers. — 27. |x^| 8iKaia. The negative is fj.r} to make the designa- 
tion indefinite and hypothetical. C. 686 ; Cu. 618 ; G. 283, 5 ; H. 840. 
It is trajected from its true position (which should be immediately 
after 8e) in order to keep it close to Sinaia. Translate : those who are 
powerful, it is true, but who do what is wrong. — P. 73, 1. 1. Trpoo-0€fxe'vT]v 
denotes the manner or means, by attaching herself to. — 2. dXX 5 d-ycovt- 
£o|i€VTi, but in her struggle for pre-eminence, for honor, for glory, she has 
persistently imperilled herself through her whole history, ayuvifeadai, of a 
severe and protracted effort, as in 20. alQiva accusative of duration 
of time. — 3. 8iaT€T € '\eK€, cf. C. 677, e ; Cu. 590 ; H. 798 ; G. 279, 
note. — 204. 5. ijGccriv, character as the result of manners and habits. 
Tjdos — a prolonged and strengthened Zdos. 77 5e rjdiKr] e£ Zdovs irept.- 
yiverai, odev teal tovvo/jux £crxV K€ p-'-Kpbv rrapeKKKivov dirb rod Zdovs. 
Aristot., Eth., II., 1. — 7. d/ydo-curo. Who would not admire the valor 
of those heroes? It is pretty clear, as Dissen remarks, whom the 
10 * o 



226 NOTES. 

orator intends for the Themistocles of his own period, and whom for 
the Cyrsilus. — 8. Kal -rfjv \wpav Kal Tfjv irdXiv, not only their territory, 
but even their city. — 10. to KeXeuofxevov, i. e. to submit to the terms 
dictated by Persia. — 12. cVn-otpTjvduevov. We have had the full 
phrase airocpaiveTai yvw/ur)v, 189. — 13. KvpcriXov. A question arises 
here on a small historical point. Is this Cyrsilus the same person 
whom Herodotus (IX. , 5) calls Lycidas ? If not, there was a singu- 
lar coincidence in the fate of these two unfortunate men. Each of 
them is represented as having advocated submission to Persia, and 
being stoned to death in consequence. But the dates differ. The 
death of Cyrsilus, according to the orator, took place when the Athe- 
nians had only just resolved to abandon Athens and take to their 
wooden walls. The death of Lycidas, according to Herodotus, took 
place immediately after the capture of Athens by Mardonius, who then 
made overtures of peace to the Athenian government who were with 
the fleet at Salamis. This difference of date is almost conclusive 
against the identity of the two cases. And surely it is very possible 
that in this exciting year there were two victims to the patriotic fury 
of the populace, both of whom died under exactly similar circum- 
stances. The first case would be only too likely to serve as a precedent 
for the second. Cicero clearly accepts it as a true history, judg- 
ing by his context in the Be Off., III., 11, 48. The commentators, 
however, generally consider the*two cases as one, with a discrepancy 
in the names. — 14. t^|v ywcuk'. In the case of Lycidas not only 
the wife but the children also were murdered. Herod. [I.e.). — 
205. 16. SovXevcrovcnv €vtvx«s, who would secure them a comfortable 
slavery. Here the indicative again in the historic consecution adds to 
the force of the picture. So also i^earai in the following clause. 
Besides adding to the vivacity, the indicatives here "identify the 
Athenians of the two different ages, and represent the liberty and in- 
dependence of one epoch as the unbroken continuity of the freedom 
asserted in another." Whiston. — 18. otixl tw iron-pi. Cf. [Plato- 
nis] Epist., IX. (translated by Cicero, De Off., I. , 7, 22), '{kolo-tos v/j.Qv 
ovx clvtC) [xbvou yiyovev, dWob tt}s yeviaews i]fxQv rb \xh tl tj irarph fxepl- 
£ercu, to 34 tl 61 yevvqaavTes, rb 8k oi \oiirol cpi\oi. Bremi. — 22. irepi- 
p.€V€i. Awaits his appointed and natural end: elfiapfiiv-qs, as distinct from 
suicide ; avrbjxarov as distinct from death by external violence. — 
Kal ttj ira,Tp£8i, sc. yeyevrjcrdaL vopX^wv, while the other deeming himself 
born for his country also. — 23. emSeiv in its very frequent sense of 



NOTES. 227 

living to see evil. Msch., Ag., 1246, Soph., Track., 1206, etc. — 24. 
t&s . . . a,Ti|xias, the outrages and indignities. Observe the emphatic 
position of rod davdrov = death itself. Whiston. 

206-210. Such has been always tour spirit. I do not pre- 
tend THAT I INSPIRED IT, BUT I DO MAINTAIN THAT I MINISTERED 
TO IT MOST EFFECTIVELY. If YOU CONDEMN MY FRIEND, YOU CON- 
demn your own conduct at that period. you attribute your 
failure to misjudgment, not to misfortune. but oh ! by the 
memory of our ancestors, your conduct was right beyond 
question. It was peril for the sake of freedom. The idea 
of ieschines speaking as he did about national trophies and 
honors, and then expecting that your statesmen should di- 
rect you otherwise than was worthy of these past triumphs ! 
in public life we are all of us bound to follow the footsteps 
of our noble forefathers, and to act in accordance with our 
national spirit. you, gentlemen, in your judicial capacity 
feel this, i am sure, as i do, and act upon it without fail. 

206. P. 74, 1. 3. ii|X€T€pas. The predicate is put first for the sake 
of emphasis. — 5. ttjs piv"roi Siaieovias. In the execution, however, of 
every single thing that has been done, I say that I also have had a share. 
On the primary sense of iiri see 17 : here we might render it connected 
with. — 207. 6. t<Sv 6\wv. The entire business, i. e. both rds vpoai- 
ptaeis and rd ireirpayixeva, both our policy and its execution, rots 
o\ois 39. — 9. Ti(JLf]S. My honor, sc. rov crrecpdvov. — 10. €-yrCc6|wa. 
Your triumphs. Aristotle (Rhet., L, 9) defines ejKwfuov as special 
laudation bestowed for particular and brilliant actions, 'iiraivos signi- 
fying praise in general. — ttjs |x€v...tol 8'. These particles mark and 
emphasize the comparison between the less injury d6ne to the orator 
and the greater wrong inflicted on his country : seeks to deprive me, 
indeed, of my honor for the present, but robs you of your triumphs for all 
future time. — 12. tov8i. If you condemn my friend Ctesiphon, on the 
plea that I have not advised our state for the best, you will adjudge your- 
selves to have done wrong, and not to have suffered those results merely 
through the perverseness of fortune. He means that in condemning 
his policy and action they would practically condemn their own, as 
he had been merely the mouthpiece and instrument of the national 
will. Thus their failures would be deserved, not accidental. On the 
participial construction see Madvig, 175, 176. With dyvwjxoo-ijvrj 
Schafer compares Soph., O. C, 86 : <*>oi/3y re kolixoX ^77 yiv-ncd' dyvu- 



228 NOTES. 

ixoves : also p. 1468, 1. 15. In SS&re here there is much of the tech- 
nical meaning to be formally decreed which Sonelv so often possesses. — 
208. 17. irpoKivSwevo-avTas. Who bore the brunt. The compound 
irpo- is of locus here, i. e. the forefront of the battle. The expres- 
sion is probably adopted from Thucydides (I., 73), who says that, we 
alone, sc. the Athenians, at Marathon bore the brunt of battle with 
the barbarian, irpoKivSwevaau rep j3apj3dpip. This apostrophe is de- 
servedly admired by Longinus (c. 16), Hermogenes (p. 260), Aristides 
(p. 170), Quintilian, XL, 3, etc. — 18. < irapaTa£ap,e'vovs. Who stood 
in the ranks: Time, I., 29. It has been well observed by all critics 
that the orator carefully avoids in this description any allusion to the 
victories of Marathon, Platsea, etc . He is citing examples, not of suc- 
cess, but of intrepidity, else of course his parallel would fail. And he 
justifies his parallel most happily by the words at the close of this 
sentence of)s aTravras...fi6vovs. See Longinus, 1. c, Lord Brougham 
(Works VII., 124), Whiston in loc. , et al. — 20. |AVTJ|xao-i. Tideaaip 
odv is to drjpLoaiov arjpia, 6 ecxriv ewe rod koXXLcttov Trpoacrreiov ttjs iroXews 
(the Ceramicus) koX del ip airry ddirrovai rods e/c tQ>p TroXipLUP. Thuc, 
II., 34. He excepts the heroes of Marathon who were buried on the 
spot where they fell. — 24. SikciCws. Cf. eUortos 23. — 209. 27. "ypap.- 
\xaroKvj>o)v. Derived, according to Etym. Mag., either from icv<p6s 
(8tl oi ypapifiarels TrpoK€KV(p6res ypd<pov<rip) or else from Kixpwv the pil- 
lory {eird oi dyopcuoi rip Kijcpuvi p.aGTi.yovPTai) ! "We have no English 
equivalent. Perhaps you scribbling scoundrel would be sufficiently 
abusive. — P. 75, 1. 2. gXe-yes. iEschines, p. 79 sq. iroTepov vpup dp-ei- 
vuv dvrjp elvai 8oKet QepLtcrTOKXrjs 6 aTpaTTfyrjo-as 6're ttjp irepi 'LaXapupa 
va.vp.ayi<xv top Hepcryp ei'l/care, t) A7)p,o<rdepr)S 6 tcls rd£ets Xnr&p ; k. t. X. 
— <Sv, i. e. they were, he alleges, irrelevant in the present action 
against Ctesiphon. And yet what of these were required for the present 
trial ? — tivos. We must resolve this, in English, into an interroga- 
tive principal sentence, Madv., 198, a. — 4. tov irepC. And I who 
was coming forward to advise the state about her supremacy, in whose spirit 
ought I to have mounted the Bema? The spirit of a man who would say 
what was unworthy of the past ? irpwTeiwp, i. e. to suggest a policy by 
which she should retain her primacy, 66. The masculine gender of 
t'lpos is clear from the context. The gender of tovtwp is neuter, and 
it must include the notion of rpb-rraia, p.dxas, k. t. X. which he has 
specified above. So Holmes. But Westermann, Whiston, Kennedy, 
Leland, and the commentators generally, take it to be masculine, and 



NOTES. 229 

refer it to the Athenians, unworthy of the people. — 210. 7. Sikcuws. 
Nay, but I should not have been Jit to live ; strictly, i" should have deserved 
to be executed. We have to supply el tfxpdvrjfm tolovtov ZXafiov. — v>|ias, 
robs 5iK&<rTas as distinct from himself rbv av/j,^ov\ov. — 8. diro. Start- 
ing from, i. e. in: 8iavoias spirit. — 9. to. p.e'v. But to judge the affairs 
(lit. contracts, <rvfj,j36\aia) of every-day life, on the one hand with a view 
((TKoirovvTas) to special laws and acts, but public measures on the other 
hand looking only, etc. <rvfj.j3oA.aia is object of Kpiveiv. — 18 Uov. 
Special. In ordinary cases, civil or criminal, they would be bound 
to form their decision according to the definite statutes of their 
code, applied to each individual case. But. in a political trial they 
might frame their sentence according to traditional spirit and pre- 
cedent, rather than by any letter of written law. The orator's drift 
is clear. He wishes the jury to overlook the formal illegality of 
Ctesiphon's proposal, in consideration of the great political services 
which that proposal was intended to remunerate. — 12. diropXe'irovTas. 
Observe the force of the preposition, looking back, or looking away. 
a%Lufia.Ta = worthy examples, strictly, the obligations imposed by the 
illustrious deeds of their ancestors. Compare Winston's note. — 13. 
rfj (3aKTT]pia. His staff and his ticket, i. e. his official paraphernalia. 
On the staff which each dicast received was painted the letter indicat- 
ing the court in which he was to serve. The ticket he delivered to 
the prytanes after the sitting, and thus received his fee of three obols. 
See Die. of Ant., Dicastery, and Dicasts. 
211, 212. But I have been digressing and must now supply 

AN OMISSION. YOU MUST TAKE THE LETTER WE WROTE AS YOUR 
AMBASSADORS AT THEBES. jEsCHINES GIVES ME NO CREDIT FOR OUR 
DIPLOMATIC SUCCESSES, BUT ONLY FOR OUR MILITARY FAILURES. 

Yet with the latter I had nothing to do, and with the for- 
mer EVERYTHING. 

211. 17. 'A\\d -yap. 42. On foriv a see Madv., 102, b., and 
Liddell and Scott's Lex. — 19. oiroGsv, i. e. e/ce?<re biroOev 66. — 22. 
tcSv &W«v. Puta iEnianorum, Dolopum, Phthiotarum, iEtolorum. 
Dissen. — 23. irpe'o-peis. See Plutarch's Vita Demosth., c. 18 . Amyn- 
tas and Clearchus are named as the Macedonian envoys. — 25. vvv. 
At this present moment (while the story told at the time of the em- 
bassy was very different). He appeals to the records of the actual 
period to confirm him. — 212. 27. KaiTot. And, I assure you, my op- 
ponent has adopted such an extravagance of calumny that, if, on the one 



230 NOTES. 

hand, any of our objects was achieved, he says it was thanks to opportunity 
not to me. Cf. iEsch. c. Ctes., 141, p. 76, 1.1. On (bare with the 
indicative see 33, 120, and on erepws see 85. u>s adds emphasis = quite 
otherwise, strictly as different as possible. C. 711 ; Cu. 631 ; H. 664. 
— P. 76, 1. 6. o-vvaiTios, i. e. he does not give me credit for even a share 
in the good, while he imputes to me the whole of the evil. <rvvaiTias 
64. Render : so it seems I, the counsellor and orator, am judged by him 
to have no share in any of the results of argument and counsel, but to be the 
sole author of the misfortunes that have attended our arms and strategy. — 
EIII2T0AH. At this point the forgers' ingenuity or perseverance 
would seem to have been exhausted, and to the great relief both of 
reader and commentator we are troubled with no more spurious docu- 
ments in the rest of the oration. 

213 - 217. The Assembly was held : the allies of Philip 
spoke first ; we made our reply. i need not weary you 
with details. thebes accepted our proposal and called upon 
us to aid them. they could not have paid us a higher honor. 
And we acted with Thebes throughout the campaign in a 
manner which showed we deserved that honor. remember 
our public rejoicings at the time. dld ieschines take his 
part in them ? then what does he mean by his present de- 
NUNCIATION ? Did he take no part in those public rejoicings ? 
Then what a wretch he must have been ! 

213. 11. liroi^oravTo, sc. the Thebans. — 12. Ikc^vovs, the ambas- 
sadors of Philip and the Thessalians. — 16. to 8' ovv. And in fine 
they required them to show their gratitude for the benefits they had received 
from Philip and to take satisfaction for the wrongs which they had received 
from you. Ke<f>A\aiov is another adverbial accusative, Madv., 31, d; 
Cr. 483 ; Cu. 404 ; G. 160 ; H. 552. The imperfect ^W refers to 
the whole tenor of their speech ; as also ed-q/xriyopovv above. — 19. 
oiroTepws. They demanded either that Thebes should join in the 
invasion, or at any rate that they should give the invaders free pas- 
sage. They promised a share of the spoil in either event, and threat- 
ened the devastation of Bceotia in any other. — SieVms and <rvv€|xpa- 
XovTas agree with avrofc in the previous line and denote the two 
ways, either of which they (the Thebans) may choose. — 21. 4k ttjs, 
i. e. plundered from. Constructio prregnans. C. 704 ; H. 618, a. — 
23. 4k Sk a>v...&j>aarav, while as the result of what they said we should 
advise, property in Boeotia would be plundered by the war. Ta...8t.apiraadr}- 



NOTES. 231 

ao/j-eva, like ^o<TK-np.aTa...^ovTa is governed by ideUvva-av. — P. 77, 
1. 1. <ruvT€ivovT J . All aiming at the same result, — 214. 2. dvT€iTTO|X€V. 
Absent from S, but found in all the other MSS. Its ellipsis, though 
quite grammatical, would not at all improve the sentence. — ey« p.€v. 
/ myself would give my very life to repeat. The transposition of tov j3iov 
is for the sake of emphasis. The meanings of avrl seem to pass 
through the following steps, (1) over against, (2) a counterbalance, 
(3) an equivalent, (4) a substitute. — 4. ii(ids with Se'SoiKa is em- 
phatic for vfieis with vofxio-rjTe. /irj is lest governing vofxiarjre. — 5. 
KaTdK\v(r{idv. A deluge Iiad swept over the events, i. e. all sign and 
trace of them had been obliterated : on coairep av el see Madv., 139, 
c ; C. 622, d ; H. 754. —215. 9. M«Ta TavTa. With this we must 
compare throughout the corresponding passage of ^Eschines (pp. 73 - 
75) where he represents that the Thebans begged for the aid and alli- 
ance of Athens, simply under the pressure of their alarm at the 
seizure of Elatea by Philip, and prior to "a single syllable of any 
decree being proposed by Demosthenes." The Athenians then hav- 
ing marched in force to Thebes, Philip, according to iEschines, was 
afraid to continue the war, and wished to make peace. So, he says, 
did the Thebans : and the latter requested the Athenian troops to 
retire to Athens, and the Ecclesia to be convened for discussion of 
Philip's proposal. It was only at this later Ecclesia, says iEschines, 
that Demosthenes urged the policy of carrying on the war against 
Philip, and over-persuaded the Thebans into the same course, for fear 
the latter should make peace independently, and get pay from Philip 
for doing so, from which pecuniary benefit Demosthenes would be 
excluded. Perhaps ^Ischines believed all this when he said it ; the 
historical records of the period seem to have been in the greatest con- 
fusion ; and it was impossible to prove distinctly why or when Thebes 
joined with Athens against Macedon. But the account given by 
Demosthenes in the description of that Ecclesia (169 sq. "Eiairipa /xev 
yap fy) is so circumstantial, and appeals so directly to the memory of 
those amongst his hearers who had been present on that great occa- 
sion, that if he had not been speaking the truth, exposure and ruin 
must have followed. In explanation of this confusion in the facts 
and of the discrepancy between the orators, it will be remembered 
that eight years had elapsed between the battle of Chseronea and the 
delivery of the speeches on the Crown, and a still longer interval (it 
is not known how long) between that battle and the revised edition 



232 NOTES. 

of iEschines's speech. Whiston agrees with Dissen that iEschines's 
statements, so far as they differ from the narrative of Demosthenes, 
were inserted in the revised edition, and are "manifesta mendacia." — • 
10. 4|fjT6, ePoT]@eiT€. This simple asyndeton is much admired by 
Bremi, as descriptive of rapid action. — 11. 6irX.tT«v. The Tkeban 
infantry and cavalry were encamped outside, while the Athenian 
forces were admitted within the walls. The compliment to Athens is 
obvious, and the nature of the confidence so displayed receives illus- 
tration from the sentence els rets olKias...Tip.LdoraTa. Dissen objects to 
this the absence of the proper pronouns, their and your. But the 
articles take the place of the pronouns and emphasize the distinction 
which is evident from the connection. Render : while their infantry 
and their cavalry were without the walls they received your army, etc. — 15. 
frac-tv. In the eyes of all mankind. Dative of relation, Madv., G. S. f 
35. — ko.0\ Upon. A good example of Kara without its sense of hos- 
tility preceding the genitive case (cf. 17 note). So p. 135, fieyiarov 
i<ad' vfiQu eyKibfuov. — 20. ir&<ri 8'. The particle 8e connects the 
sentence Kairot..J5ec^av with the sentence /cat ydp...3?i\iTT7rov. As 
examples of de standing further on in a sentence than its usual place 
of second word the Lexica all quote Soph., EL, 1117 ; Xen., Hellen., 
V., 2, 37, etc. The translation of /cat ret, irap avrois Kai thus becomes, 
both with them and. — 22. <ra><j>pocruvrjs. Showed they had confidence in 
you, as regarded your morality. The Greek is literally belief in morality 
as regarded you. No single English word can render aweppoavvrfs. 
Whiston translates it self-command, and Kennedy good behavior. The 
connection shows that self-command is especially intended, although 
something more is also comprehended. — 24. I^dvrjorav, ivere shown 
by the facts in the case. ■ — 216. P. 78, 1. 3. fi&xas. Accusative of 
time, Madv., G. S., 30. Others take it as a sort of cognate accusa- 
tive, Madv., 26, a ; C. 477 ; Cu. 400 ; G. 159 ; H. 547. — tov iroTa- 
|xov. The Cephissus. The first battle was fought in the valley of 
the Cephissus between Elatea and Thebes. — 4. x €t K ,e P. LV1 ^ v * ^ n ^ m 
winter, according to Grote, who supposes a ten months' interval be- 
tween October of 339 and August of 338. On the other hand Thirl- 
wall prefers to render of the storm. The Lexica all concur in asserting 
that this latter idea would in Attic be usually expressed by xet/x^toy, 
not by xei / ue / cnj'6s, which generally beyond question means in the winter. 
In the great obscurity of the history concerning this period, it is quite 
impossible to settle such minor details with precision. I prefer the 



NOTES. 233 

view of Grote, as being the best in regard to the language here, and also 
quite consistent with the other history. But I cordially agree with 
Eeiske also when he says, "hrec tanti non est quserere. Quod seiri 
nequit de eo ne quserendum quideni est. Multa sunt in vetustis aucto- 
ribus obscura quse nulla vis ingenii, nulla investigandi industria, nulla 
dies unquam aperiet." — 217. 9. £tj\ov. Bliss, ocas Xarpeias avd' 6<xov 
frjXov Tpecpei. Soph., Aj., 503. So Holmes. Better, emulation, or admi- 
ration. — 13. €£t)to,£6to. Was proved to have been along with the rest, i. e. 
taking a share in the general rejoicings. — 14. [i&XXov . . . oo-ia, or, rather, 
does he not act impiously even. — 15. 6i &v . . .Qeov<$, if what he himself called 
the gods to witness as being most excellent, this he now expects you to condemn 
as not most excellent, you who have sworn by those gods, sc. the very gods 
to whom he then appealed for just the opposite. — (JidpTvpas, i. e. by 
means of the dvaicu kcli iropcirai 17. He means that nothing can more 
effectively put a national success on record than the circumstance 
that it has been the subject of national thanksgiving to heaven. — 
16. \J/T]<j>to-ao-0ai, i. e. by condemning Ctesiphon they would condemn 
the orator's policy and its results, among which would be included 
the particular triumph referred to here. — 17. djx&)|xoKOTas. rbv opicov 
2. — 6i 8e [jltj. The dilemma is merely rhetorical, as Lord Brougham 
well observes ; iEschines conld easily have answered that he saw the 
fallacy of those rejoicings, though no one else at Athens did so ; that 
therefore he declined to share them, and stayed at home in seclusion 
and sorrow. At the same time, his Lordship admires the rhetorical 
excellence of the dilemma and the exquisite beauty and force of the 
passage. 

218. So Thebes and ourselves were rejoicing and giving 

THANKS : AND PHILIP WAS IN A STATE OF ALARM AS HIS LETTERS 

prove. 'This was all my doing. 

218. 21. tj|j.6v iv. We were full of thanksgivings. The preposition 
of place introduces the status in quo. — 22. vo|xt£eiv. Belief: the awk- 
wardness of the construction is redeemed by its antithetic success. — 
ir6pieicrTT|K€i. It had come about that those who seemed likely to need suc- 
cor, owing to the conduct of these men, were themselves sending succor to 
others in consequence of following my counsels. There is no difference of 
translation between a<p' &v and e£ &v in this sentence ; the change is 
merely for variety. — 25. tj4>l€i.. The double augment is peculiarly 
Attic. "In Demosthene id deesse nusquam notavi." Bremi. — 
4>»vds. Strong expressions. Cf. iravav, to \eybfxevov, (f>uvqv ievra, 



234 NOTES. 

Plato, 890, D, 530, etc. Cf. 222. — P. 79, 1. 4. <rvvi\iia. Persist- 
ence; pertinacity. From the context, which is sarcastic, we must rather 
take the word in its bad sense. — irXdvoi. Rovings, i. e. 7rpe<r/3etcu : 
the derisive tone is very marked both in this and the two next 
phrases. — TaXanrioplcu. Tribulations. — tol iroWd. Those numerous. 
Cf. tol TroWa ypafifiara, Act. Apost., xxvi., 24, where the same irony 
is underlying. These nominatives are the subjects of aireipydvaro, 
which is singular to agree with the neuter plural xf/v^ia-fiaTa, and to 
sum them all up together = what it all accomplished. 

219-221. Athens has had a host of good statesmen be- 
sides MYSELF, BUT NEVER ONE WHO WORKED SO HARD OR DEVOTED 
HIMSELF SO ENTIRELY. NOT THAT I HAD ANY EXTRAVAGANT 
OPINION OF MY OWN POWER. BUT I THOUGHT THE CRISIS EXACT- 
ED THE UTMOST PERSONAL EFFORTS, AND THAT NO ONE'S PERSONAL 
EFFORTS COULD BE MORE EFFECTUAL THAN MINE. 

219. 7. ttoXXou Compare the exactly parallel passage, p. 436, 
1. 12, Be F. L. — €K€ivos, that famous'. C. 542, b. — 9. KaXXiorpa- 

tos. fxera KaWiarpaTOv rbv ' A.<pLbvalov rQv &X\u)v jxaXtcra eiireiv 5rjva~ 
(70cu, iEschin., p. 44 (med.). Mentioned as an exile endeavoring to 
return illegally in Demosthenes adv. Polycl., p. 1221. Honorably 
mentioned by the orator, pp. 1187, 1353, 1359, if those orations are 
genuine. Cf. Plut., Dem., 5. Libanius ( Vit. Dem., p. 503) says that 
the orator when a boy heard Callistratus speak on the Oropus ques- 
tion, and thence conceived his own passion for rhetoric and public 
speaking. — 'Apio-nxfxSv, 70. — K«|>aXos. A leading statesman in 
the political crisis of 403. Although so prominent, he seems to have 
never committed himself, 351. iEschines speaks of him with en- 
thusiasm, p. 81. So does Dinarchus, pp. 95, 100. — ©pacnupovXos. 
The hero of the revolution in 403. Dinarch., p. 93 (med.); Lys., 
p. 124 ; Isocr., p. 375 (Jin.); ^Eschin., p. 82, etc. All the Attic ora- 
tors concur in the praises of this Qpaai^ovXos (Atkou "ETeipievs). 
There were four Thrasybnli in the same period, but no other of the 
same reputation. "We need have no doubt as to which of the four the 
orator speaks of here. — 11. els ovSe'v. Closely connected with Sia 
ttclvtSs. "Whatever movement they took up they did not (so the ora- 
tor alleges) persevere in supporting it through every phase and 
department, as he professes to have done himself. — 12. 8lv tirpi- 
crpeucrcv. Frequentative : like our idiom would not, though literally 
would not have. Cf. Aristoph., Pax, 640-644. — 13. •u-jreXcCirc. Al- 



NOTES. 235 

ways reserved for himself. The vir- describes the underlying motive. 
The force of the imperfect is here strongly marked. A parallel ex- 
pression is in jEschin., p. 41 {fin.), avrols KartXiirov ttjv avacpopav. — 
14. &|xa |x£v...#|ia 8', at once. ..and, or not only. ..but also. — dva<f>opdv. 
Resource, something to fall back upon. — 220. 17. ovtws. So thoroughly: 
referring, I think, to the whole sentence, though Whiston limits it 
to /xeyav, as in 163. — 19. \c6pav. To allow any place or even fore- 
thought for my personal safety. x&P a seems to he very rare in this 
sense. The Lexica only quote Aristot., H. A., X., 3. 4, x&P av Tape- 
%e«' (locum dare), which is not an exact parallel. The orator means 
that he did not give his personal safety a thought, or reserve himself 
any avenue of escape from the consequences ; that he risked all with- 
out exception. — 20. ayatn\r6v. Must be thankful if one could do one's 
duty without a single omission, i. e. man's sole aim at that crisis should 
have been to do his duty thoroughly, reckless of personal considera- 
tions, and then to take the consequences be they what they might. 
And a man should have been thankful even to have the opportunity 
of so doing his duty ; whatever the personal peril which might be in- 
volved in the deed. Others take & 8ei irpd£eiev to meet his fate, but, 
1 think, not so well. — 221. 22. tv\6v. It may be ; perhaps. Adv. 
Ace, Madvig, G. S., 182 ; C. 483 ; Cu. 401 ; G. 160 ; H. 552. — 
23. (jltjt€ 7pd<j>ovT', k. t. X. The participle here and in the following 
clauses denotes the condition : neither if he proposed measures would 
any one propose them better, nor if he tried (imperf., C. 594 ; Cu. 489 ; 
G. 200 ; H. 702) to execute them, etc. fieXnov is to be supplied with 
Trpatjeu. — 26. fr-arrov. / always in everything put myself at the post. 
For iv ira<riv we should rather expect iirl iravra according to the usual 
construction of rdaaetv : but the sense is not altered, for we supply 
the eiri out of the proleptic ev. 

222. Such was the result of my policy. Foe, this it was 
rightly proposed that i should receive a crown. 

P. 80, 1. 1. Els TavTa, to such a state. — 2. ra.vTr\v r$\v $<avf\v, such 
the voice he uttered, although accustomed to vaunt. The participle is con- 
cessive. The middle voice expresses the personal motive from which 
boasting must proceed. — 4. €<rT€<j>avoi>|ji'r]v. Was to be crowned. On 
this use of the imperfect, see Madv., G. S., 113, r. 1 ; C. 594 ; Cu. 
489 ; G. 200, N. 2 ; H. 702. — 5. Ypa\|/djxtvos. Who indicted, the 
proposers (Demomeles and Hyperides ; see 82, Sevrtpov). The full 
phrase would have been 6 ypa^dfieyos top A. nal rbv 'T. irapavbiiuv. 



236 NOTES. 

On ypacpTj, cf. 3, note i\e?v. — 6. AicovSas. Al6p8ov jxavla, 249. — rb 
|i.€pos. 103, and 82 dri/xibaavTes. — 7. atroire^ievyora. Which were 
then legally confirmed, lit. acquitted. He means that they' passed through 
the ordeal of a public prosecution against their proposer, and as he was 
acquitted, their justice and correctness were thoroughly vindicated. 
223 - 226. Why did not jEschines oppose this decree which 

WAS IDENTICAL IN TEEMS WITH CtESIPHON's ? BECAUSE HE KNEW 
HE HAD NO CHANCE OF GETTING A VERDICT ON THE FACTS AS LONG 
AS THE FACTS WERE FRESH IN PEOPLE'S MEMORIES. HlS ONLY 
CHANCE WAS TO WAIT TILL THE FACTS HAD BEEN FORGOTTEN, AND 
THEN TO CONCOCT A FRAUDULENT PROSECUTION DEPENDING ON 
QUIBBLES OF LAW AND RHETORIC. 

223. 13. tot€. For the date, see 82. — 15. jxdXXov elKorws, with 
more reason. — 16. tov8\ My friend here : deictic. 8or^5e — my client. 
He means, that to prosecute Ctesiphon, after omitting to prosecute 
those who had done exactly the same already, was an irrational pro- 
ceeding. Whether Ctesiphon's act was right or wrong, at all events 
it had precedents. If he was to be prosecuted now, why were not the 
former offenders prosecuted in their time? — 224. 17. aveve-yKctv is 
exactly the Latin referre ad and our own refer to (as precedents). — ' 
-yvwo-eis. The decision pronounced in the Demomeles case. No other 
is meant. The plural only introduces the idea of the abstract. — 18. 
avrov. If Demomeles was prosecuted, at any rate it was not jEschines 
who was the prosecutor. Why does he bring an action now, whereas 
he did not bring any then? — 20. irpaxOsvTwy. Settled: like our 
colloquial use of done. He claims that the verdict on his policy was 
pronounced once for all in the Demomeles case, and that the question 
cannot be reopened legally. — 21. avro. The actual fact would have 
been tried per se, before it had contracted any of these precedents. The 
bare question, whether Demosthenes was a good statesman or not, 
would have been put before the court, without legal or rhetorical 
complication. — 225. 23. ovk ^v. There was no opportunity or it was 
not possible. — P. 81, 1. 1. kxXi^avTa has for its object the sentence 
& /xTjre — p-nOyjvcu ; but this sentence represents also the cognate ac- 
cusative after 8iaj3aXket.v. Translate : picking out what no one knew be- 
fore, nor supposed would be said to-day, to calumniate them, by changing 
dates and substituting false motives for action instead of the true ones, to ap- 
pear to speak to the purpose. — ti Xcyeiv is the opposite of ovbev \4yeiv. 
Compare our something to say and nothing to say. Plato is particularly 



NOTES. 237 

fond of these phrases. — 3. irpo<j>d<reis. Very nearly motives in our com- 
mon use of that word. — 5. TreirpaYjAs'vois is the dative of the remote 
object after pLeradevra. — 226. 6. rfjs dXT]0eias. 17 first note. The 
article adds to the emphasis : the truth par excellence ; i. e. real truth, 
absolute truth: jxbvov ovk, only not = all but, almost. — 9. irap' aura, 13, 
note, s. v. — 10. pt]Topa>v d-ywya. An oratorical arena. Whiston aptly 
cites Thucyd., III., 67. — 12. Xo-yov Kplc-iv. A decision on power of 
speaking. This objective use of the genitive is well illustrated in 
Mad v., G. S., 48. 

227-231. I MUST NOTICE HERE AN INGENIOUS SOPHISM OE MY 

opponent's. He says you ought to cast UP MY SERVICES and 

REWARDS ARITHMETICALLY, AND SEE WHETHER THERE IS ANY BAL- 
ANCE IN MY FAVOR ; OR RATHER, HE SAYS, YOU WILL SEE THERE IS 
NONE. NOW 1 DENY ALTOGETHER THAT PUBLIC SERVICES CAN BE 
TREATED LIKE SUMS IN ARITHMETIC. BUT YOU MAY SET FACTS 
AGAINST FACTS, SET WHAT HAPPENED AGAINST WHAT WOULD HAVE 
HAPPENED HAD IT NOT BEEN FOR ME. I AM QUITE CONTENT TO 
ABIDE BY THAT CALCULATION. 

227. 14. <j»](rL It is indispensable to quote in full the passage of 
iEsehines here referred to, viz., p. 62, 59 : el 8e riaiv v/xQu e£ai(pi>7)s 
GLKotiaacnv aTrtGTOTepos TrpoaireTTTWKev b tolovtos \byos, e/ceiVws rr\v virb- 
\oncov TroifoaaOe &Kpbacrii>, tiairep orav irepl xP' l lf x ^ TWV dvnXojpieuojv 5ia 
ttoXXoO XP° VGV i<a6e$ibp.eda eirl tovs \oyi(rp.oiJS. ipxbp-eda 5rj irov \pevde?s 
OLiiodev ivcore db^as expvres Kara T & v Xoyicr/J.Qii'. dXX' o/jlojs eireLbdv 6 
\byos <TvyKe<pa\aiu6fj, ovdels vjjl&v icrriv ovtu 5vctko\os t\\v <p{j<xiv oaris 
ovk airepxeTcu rovd' bp.o\oy/j<xas Kal einvevaas dXr/Oes elvcu 8 tl hv avrbs 
bXoyicrjxbs aipyj. otfrw kclI vvvttjv aupbaaiv TrocrjcraaOe. — 15. ofocoOev... 
dp.€Xf](rai, to forget the opinion concerning US which you have brought from 
home. The phraseology, it will be seen, is borrowed from iEschines. 
— 17. Xo-yi£i]o-0e. Cast up accounts under the impression that a man has 
a balance. The commentators differ as to the question whether the 
illustration is drawn from the auditing of official accounts by the Aoyc- 
araiy or from the settling of accounts in trade and at the bank; Holmes, 
Kennedy, and others insisting on the former, Dissen, Whiston, etc., 
preferring the latter view. Perhaps the passage in iEschines favors the 
former. But the language of Demosthenes, olbfievoi irepieivai xPW aTa > 
certainly accords better with the latter. Perhaps we may say with 
Westermann that while iEschines seems to have in mind the auditing 
of official accounts, Demosthenes makes it general. — kaOapal. . .\jrfjAoi, 



238 NOTES. 

if the sums are even: i. e. if the amount on the credit side is exactly 
the same as the amount on the debit. The expression arose from a 
primitive method of keeping accounts with pebbles (\prj(poi), literally, 
if the pebbles are clear, with no balance left on either side. — 18. o-vy- 
XcopeiTe, you acquiesce in that result ; the acquiescence involves conces- 
sion of the previous idea that there was a balance in hand, and con- 
currence in the correctness of the accounts examined. The verb 
<rvyxupe?v combines both these meanings. — ovtw, i. e. if they found 
no balance in the orator's favor, however much they expected before- 
hand to find it, iEschines had begged they would act upon that find- 
ing, not upon their previous and misconceived idea, irpoade<x6a.L 
depends on irpotrrjKeiv and means consent to, accept. — 228. 22. virdp- 
X€iv, that we are, to begin with (§ 1), thoroughly convinced in ourselves (per- 
fect tense, middle voice), virapxovaris which follows is exactly our pre- 
existing. — 24. ov "yap &v, 47, second note. — 229. 26. ov Sisccua, 18, 
s. v. — P. 82, 1. 1. TiGels. Not by casting accounts, literally, playing 
pebbles. The afidKiov contained a number of parallel columns, the 
extreme right-hand column being reserved for the units, the first on 
its left for the tens, the next for the hundreds, and so on. Each 
number in each column would be represented by actually placing on the 
board in that column the same number of pebbles ; for a debit and 
credit account two d/3d/«a would be required. If their columns 
tallied exactly, then the \f/7j<f>oi were KadapaL This was usually ascer- 
tained by examining the two d/3ct/aa side by side, and column by 
column, and taking off (avraveXeTv) a pebble from the one afidiaov for 
every pebble in the other. See Smith, Die. Ant., for a diagram of 
the Abacus. — ov yap... Xoyi(r^.6s, for this mode of reckoning, sc. the 
arithmetical, does not belong to public affairs. — 230. 10. tjjjuxs, the ob- 
ject of tfitpeiv K<d dyeiv, is placed before them for emphasis. So ev 
elp7]vr), the predicate of elvat, precedes even the subject of the verb for 
the same reason. — 12. 4k OoXcLtttis. At sea is exactly the equivalent 
of this proleptic use. — 231. 15. \|nrj<{>ois. Sums in arithmetic. His 
retort relies on the technical character of the method for casting up 
accounts. Facts, deeds, cannot, like pebbles, be taken up and laid 
aside. — 16. dvTaveXeiv, or that we ought to clear these off, that is, bal- 
ance them against our misfortunes. — 18. irpoo-T^Tifti. This arith- 
metical term is, of course, introduced avec intention — add to the account. 
— 21. <fn\av0pwn-ias. The clemency with which Philip treated Athens 
after the battle of Chaeronea was in marked contrast with his seventy 



NOTES. 239 

to others, particularly the Thebans. Demades writes (Fragm. 1), Zypa- 
\pa Kal $tXt7T7ry Ttfxds • ovk apvov/Aai. StcrxiXiovs yap alxp-aXibrovs dvev 
\vTpwv, Kal xiAia tto\itQi> <r<JbpLara x^P^ KrjpvKos, Kal rbv 'ilpuirbv dvev 
irpto-fieias \aj3Cjv v/mv ravr #ypa\pa. — 22. irepipaXXop-evos, investing 
himself with. The phrase is common enough, but meant to be sarcastic 
here, as though Philip draped himself in royal and lordly generosity 
to produce a, fictitious impression on the mind of Greece. — kclXws itoi- 
ovvtcs. Fortunes, beneficio : happily. The distinction between this and 
Ka\u>s irpaTTovris is illustrated in the notorious passage, p. 490 (med.), 
ore 5' u/ieis, /caXws iroLOvvres, Kal Kara rds KOivas irpd^eis Kal Kara rdXXa 
vdura dp.et.vov eKeivwv tvparrere. 

232, 233. And really I must notice how unworthy it was 

OF MY OPPONENT TO MIMIC MY LANGUAGE AND GESTURES. HlS 
BUSINESS WAS TO EXAMINE OUR PUBLIC HISTORY : AS HE HAS NOT 
DONE SO, I SHALL DO IT MYSELF. 

232. 25. <ruKO<|>avT€iv may be paraphrased here to libel. Cf. 118, 
188. So below 233 = to make a wilfully false and censorious accusation. 
• — 27. irapaSetyiiaTa irXdrTtov, fabricating illustrations, such, for 
example, as that of striking the balance by counters. Compare 
"Whiston, in loc. — P. 83, 1. 1. [up.ovp.cvos. iEschin., p. 77 {med.), 
ov p.ep.v7)a6e avrov rd paapa prjp.aTa...Kal irdXiv ore kjjkXcp irepidivwv 
aeavrbv ivl rod jStj/xcitos £Xe7es, k. t. X. — irapa tovto. All in con- 
sequence of this, (don't you see?) the affairs of Greece have turned out as 
they have. — el, if, instead of on, because. Madv., G. S., 75. Cf. Cic, 
Orat., VIII. — 233. 5. &v «tkoit€i continues the apodosis : would have 
considered in detail (imperfect). — eir' avT<Sv t<3v 'ipywv, in view of the 
simple facts, or on the basis of them. Winston renders : keeping to 
them. — 6. eurijeiv. Entered into public business, cf. 60. — 11. iretpev'Yas. 
Have shirked, i. e. avoided putting the matter on its true issue. Cf. 116. 

234-239. Our strength consisted of the minor islands 
only, besides our home resources.. all our neighbor states 
were hostile. philip on the other hand possessed despotic 
power, trained armies, ample money, and independent per- 
sonal action. what had i, his antagonist ? nothing, ex- 
cept the privilege of speaking, and that his athenian 
supporters shared along with me. still, even thus, i got 

YOU ALLIES, ARMIES, FUNDS. It IS ABSURD TO DISCUSS NOW 
WHETHER THOSE FUNDS WERE RAISED IN FAIR PROPORTIONS FROM 
EACH CONTRIBUTING STATE; WE NEVER OURSELVES PUT THAT 



240 NOTES. 

QUESTION ABOUT OUR SHARE IN SALAMIS. SMALL THANKS WILL 
ANY OF THESE STATES GIVE YOU FOR BRINGING THIS CHARGE 
AGAINST ME NOW, INSTEAD OF WATCHING THE CASE FOR THEIR 
INTERESTS AT THE ACTUAL TIME. 

234. 15. Xios. This and the other two islands had won their lib- 
erty in the Social War of 355. — 16. o-uvtci£iv. A subscription. This 
term was invented as a euphemism for <popo$ tribute ; see Harpocra- 
tion, s. v. The subscription here alluded to was paid uuder the 
arrangement of the new confederation formed in 377. Cf. Dinarch., 
p. 92. These changes of the relation between Athens and the islands 
are fully described in Grote. See also Bockh, Pub. Econ., II., 162. 

— 17. irpoeltiXe'Yp.e'va. Collected beforehand, anticipated. So Xenophon 
{(Econ., IV., 9) uses enXeyovaiv. Dissen. — 20. ourot. iEschines 
and his associates. — 21 . fyGpas • ■ .lyyvrepu. More enmity than friend- 
ship. C. 445; Cu. 415; G. 182; H. 589.-25. ir<Ss, sc. vir^pxev 
exovra, supplied from above. Concise and pointed. — 235. 26. av- 
TOKp&Ttop. Compare Olynth.,1., p. 10. — 27. 6irXa...d€t. Compare 
01., II., p. 24 ; Phil, III., p. 124. — P. 84, 1. 4. ovS 5 {.irb, r. tr. k. 
These words are only found in one MS. ; but otherwise there is noth- 
ing in them which would suggest their being spurious. On the con- 
trary, they are quite Demosthenic and add to the force of the sentence. 

— 6. airXws...irdvTiov, absolutely master, leader, lord of all. The climax 
is made more lively and forcible by the asyndeton. — 236/9. ov p.o- 
vov. My only privilege. The force of /xereixov cannot be translated ; 
he means that his privilege, such as it was, was not exclusively his 
own, but shared to the same extent by Philip's Athenian supporters. 

— 10. 7rp(n)Tiee9\ You extended. Thucyd., VI., 14. — 13. f\v... 
rvyju. On whatever pretext each (of their successes) might happen. — ■ 
14. dirf)T6, sc. airb rrjs e/c/cX^crtas, in these points you took counsel in 
the interests of your enemy and so went home. Whiston. — 237. 14. ck. 
Proleptic : we should say under ; these defeats were not the cause of 
his success, but he had to start in each instance out of the positions 
into which they had sunk him. — 17. p/uptoi. The same numbers 
are given by Plutarch, Vit. Demosth., 5. Their insignificance for pur- 
poses of modern warfare is sufficiently striking. — 18. &vtv. In- 
dependently of the national forces of the several states, i. e. these foreign 
mercenaries were an extra army altogether. Each state had its own 
army of native troops as well. — 20. orvvreXciav. Joint-contribution ; 
a much more emphatic term than aforaZts, 234 ; but the avvreXeia 



NOTES. 241 

was voluntary, the other compulsory. — 238. 20. Xfyeis. ^schines, 
p. 74, tuv els top iroXe/JLov ai>a\u/j.&Twv to. p,ev dvo /xepy vfuv avLd-qtcev oh 
%aav airuTepw ol kiv&vvoi, to de rpirov p.epos Q-qfiaios. — to, irpbs...Sl- 
Kaia, i. e. what would have been just on the part of Athens to Thebes, 
etc., in reference to their respective shares of the expense. — 22. 
Bvt'av-Hovs. ^schin., p. 90. — Eipoeas, pp. 66, 67. But nothing 
in iEschines' speech corresponds to this exactly. — 24. UtLvuv. 
Those famous. The allusion is, of course, to the 'battle of Salainis. 
Cf. JSsch., Pers, 341; Herod., VIII., 48; Thucyd., I., 74.-25. 
rds. "Where parts of a whole are stated in numbers, the article is 
sometimes prefixed to the numeral (to denote the defmiteness of the 
relation)." Madv., G. S., 11, r. 6. - 8i«co<r£as. It is sufficiently 
amusing that in the speech de Symm., p. 186, the orator states this 
number at one hundred. It suits his argument there to depreciate ; 
not so here. The number of the whole fleet is stated by ^schylus as 
300, by Herodotus as 378, by Thucydides as 400. The Athenian 
contingent is stated by Thucydides to have been two thirds ; and by 
Herodotus to have been 180 ships. Compare Whiston's note de 
St/mm., 35. — 26. c\aTTOvo-0ai. To be defrauded, i. e. made to do and 
to pay more than the fair share. — P. 85, 1. 2. el, that, Madv., G. S., 
194, c ; cf. note, 232. — 239. 4. dra scevds, k. t. X., and after all they 
are but poor favors which you are conferring on those persons by calum- 
niating me. Whiston. — 5. tovtouti. Q-nfiaioLS, BvfavTiots, Eu/3oecrt, 
238. If they had been defrauded (as alleged), it would be but a poor 
satisfaction to them to see Demosthenes libelled ; they would have 
been more thankful for a policy maintained at the time, to save them 
from being defrauded. — 8. irapd. Of time: as in 10 (fin.), 13 
(med.), etc., at the moment of, — implying that there was no leisure for 
deliberation, or discussion of abstract right ; the action had to be in- 
stantaneous on the emergency : they had to secure, not all they 
wanted, but all they could get. "Whiston, however, takes irapd as in 
232 = under the etisting circumstances. — 8o-a. This word is definite 
with i^ovXo/xeda and hence takes the indicative, while with SoL-n it is 
indefinite and so takes the optative. Compare Whiston's note. — 
10. 6 dvTO)vov[i€Vos, he that ivas bidding against us. Philip was ready 
to buy up for himself any allies whom the Athenians alienated from 
themselves. — 11. Kal...irpo<r8€|d}JL€vos Kal...Trpo(r8-qo-c 1 )v, not only to 
receive them, but also to pay them money into the bargain. 

240 - 243. Supposing I had hesitated in doing what I did, 
11 p 



242 NOTES. 

HOW IMMEDIATELY PHILIP WOULD HAVE GAINED ALL : AND THEN 
WOULD NOT MY OPPONENTS HAVE LAID THE BLAME ON ME ? THERE 
IS NOTHING SO VILE AS SLANDER. iESGHINES OF ALL SLANDERERS IS 
VILEST, BASE IN THE WHOLE OF HIS LIFE AND HABITS, AND WITH 
TALENTS UTTERLY PERVERTED TO WORK YOUR RUIN. 

240. 14. ti &v, sc. iroieiv below : a reduplicated question, the full 
phrase being reserved for the end of the sentence, where the &v is 
repeated. — &icptp6\o , Yov|j.6vo'u=A^7oi'Tos ret Sinaia, 5ia\eyojj,£i>ov irepl 
tQv Uwv. 238. Whiston : while I was refining about these points. — 
19. eijeSoOiio-av. Given up: here, of an opportunity thrown away, 
not of a right surrendered, nor of a trust betrayed. — 241. 20. tov 
JJ.6V. We must supply inverted commas from here to yeyovev, as the 
next sentence explains, i. e. and then, would they not have said, "he 
has got the command of the Hellespont by means of the Byzantines" ? etc. — 
21. <riT07ro|jnrlas, 87. The same region in the southeast of Russia is 
now a great corn-growing country. — 24. 6p{Jwop.£ve»v, 71, rr\v Eti[3oiav 
KaTao-Kev&fav ewLTeix^/J-a. — 25. Ka\...yt= yes, and. — 242. 26. iro- 
vrjpov. A vile thing: the neuters are contemptuous. The same strain 
of vituperation is kept up in the diminutive Tavdptoiriov, monkey. — 
P. 86, 1. 1. <|>v<r€t KivaSos. A born beast. The meaning of tivabos is 
not limited to fox, as the Lexica abundantly testify. Kai=even. — - 
2. c| a,px,f)s. Never in his life. The idiom cannot be rendered lit- 
erally. — 3. avroTpa-yiKos. The ideal Tragedy-baboon. The form 
ai>TOTpayiK6s is after the Platonic avToa\r}dks, avroayadbv k. t. A., the 
eternal archetype (ISia) as distinct from the human counterpart (eldos). 
— dpovpatos. (Enomaus of the country. The epithet is easily under- 
stood as referring to rough and rude country theatricals in the demes 
adjoining the city. ev KoAAury Olvb/xaov, 180. — 4. irapdo-njAOS. 
Counterfeit, lit. mis-stamped. The adjective is a common epithet of 
bad money, p. 766, 1. 6 (cited by Harpocration) , but signifies a coun- 
terfeit in any and every sense. No true and genuine orator, he means, 
would have so spoken and acted. Cf. JEsch., Ag\, 760 ; Aristoph., 
Ach., 517 sq. — 5. vvv. To-day — only now at last. The position of 
this word at the beginning of the sentence gives it all that emphasis. 
And it retains the same in 243. — 243. 6. w<nrep &v el. Cf. 194. 
The parallel passage in iEschines, p. 86, runs thus : elr eirepwrav fie, 
&s iyd) irvvd&vofxai, p,£\\et rls &i> et'77 toiovtos larpbs, octtls t$ voctovvtl 
pLeraijij p.ev aadevovvn fxrjdfr crvii^ovKeiuoL, TeXevrrjcravTos d' avrov eXOibv 
els t& hvara 5ie%ioi vpbs robs olicdovs & iwiTrjdeijcras vyirjs &v kyhero. 



NOTES. 243 

It is suggested with some reason that iEschines inserted this in his 
oration after hearing the orator's reply. — 9.*vo[u£op.€v . oiir airodavibv 
tQv vofjufrfxevwv -rj^iudr) Isocr., p. 391. Our word solemnities is exactly 
parallel. The sense of cpepoiro (were being performed) alludes to the 
funeral procession. And airry, in his honor, is another example of the 
Dative of Relation. — 10. to k<xI to. So and so, another instance 
of the article (or relative) used as a demonstrative pronoun. 71. 
Donaldson's New Cratylus, 148. — 11. lp.pp6vTT]T€. Lunatic, lit! 
thunder-stricken. Cf. TeTvcpoj/Mii (note), 11. — 12. cIto. vvv Xe-yeis. So 
then, you speak at last, do you? vvv •= nunc demum as ahove. elra ex- 
presses irony and indignation. 
244-247. What chance had I against Philip? He had 

MIGHT ON HIS SIDE, AND I HAD ONLY EIGHT : I COULD BEAT HIS 
SIDE IN ARGUMENT, BUT THEY COULD WIN BY ARMS. ALL THAT A 
SINGLE STATESMAN COULD DO I DID. AND OF THIS I CHALLENGE 
THE FULLEST INVESTIGATION. 

244. 13. -qTrav. Chseronea. The dilemma is again merely rhe- 
torical (cf. 217). iEschines might deplore the calamity, and yet 
feel satisfaction in his rival's policy having been proved a mistake. — 
ovSe — not even. — -yavpias. Exult : strictly of a spirited horse. The 
present tense here includes the imperfect = did and still do : on the 
other hand irpoarjKev refers back to a past issue which might have 
happened but never did ; precisely "imperfect." — 14. 4v ovSevl t<3v 
irap' €|aoi, you will not find it (the defeat) to have befallen the city in any 
one of my measures, literally, the things pertaining to me, i. e. Athens was 
victorious in its embassies and plans which were managed by Demos- 
thenes, and defeated only in battle where he was not responsible, iv, 
not by, as rendered by some, but, as usual, in. — 20. {Jao-iXeW, e. g. 
Cersobleptes who is so prominently mentioned in the speech c. Aristocr. 
(see also p. 160, etc.) and Teres (i'6.). — 21. TeXcvrcua. Here follows 
Trpyvv in one MS., and vvv in all the other MSS. But 2 reads as 
above: and either adverb looks very like an interpolation. — 22. 
Tawa. These points he (Philip) came and carried by force of arms. — 
245. 25. jJiaXaKtav. ^schin., p. 74 [fin.) : ov yb.p pi)Tup aarpdrevros 
ml \tirCbv tt]v ra£iv avrovs evovdeTyvev. — tov avTov, the same man, 
sc. Demosthenes. —26. Kal Tairra, and that too, sc. /cpetrrw yeveaGai. 
roh \6yois, dat. of means. —246. P. 87, 1. 4. irao-av. Make any and 
every examination : 5, it&vtwv. — 7. ireVpaKTaC p.oi. Grote thoroughly 
indorses the orator's opinion here, referring especially to the Olyn- 



244 NOTES. 

thiacs and Philippics, above all to the First Philippic. — 8. iroXiTiKa. 
If we render irSXeis sfartes/'perhaps constitutional is the best translation 
of irokiTLna. Whiston well renders : which are found in all states as 
constitutional and necessary defects. — 11. opfAtjv. An impulse to do their 
duty. — 13. ovSels |ATpro0\ The construction is the common ou... ^77 
with the subjunctive where we supply 8eiv6u or 8£os %<jti, between the 
two negatives, simply amounting to a future with the very strongest 
negation. See Madv., G. S., 124, a, 3 ; C. 627 ; Cu. 620 ; H. 845. 
— 247. 18. oiiQ' fj-y€|xwv. The phraseology in this passage is a reitera- 
tion of 21, 24, 60. The senses of irpos are noticed 17. — ov8' 6 \d- 
•yos...irpbs 6|il. The question does not even pertain to me. — 20. ^ |atj. 
These words are omitted in one MS., which inserts [x-n between r£ and 
dia(p9api}vaL to the great detriment of the sense. But 2 and the rest 
read as above. Translate : And really as regards being bribed or not, I 
have beaten Philip (i. e. in the game of corruption where one party 
tries to bribe and the other to resist the bribe) : for as the bidder has 
defeated the acceptor if he buys him up, so the refuser, the uncorrupted, has 
defeated the bidder. Whiston cites Herod., I., 68, 69. 

248 - 250. That Ctesiphon is justified in speaking of me in 
these terms is sufficiently proved by the fact that after 

CreRONEA, IN THE SERIOUS CRISIS OF OUR FORTUNES, I WAS 
ELECTED AGAIN AND AGAIN TO SERVE ON OUR MOST IMPORTANT COM- 
MISSIONS, AND THOUGH ATTACKED BY INCESSANT PROSECUTIONS ON 
THE PART OF THE MACEDONIAN FACTION, I WAS ALWAYS ACQUITTED 
HONORABLY. 

248. 24. & [Ae'v. The materials then with which I supplied my friend 
(Ctesiphon) to enable him to write these toords with truth about me. Here 
ypa<pecv has its technical sense,, referring to the psephisma which pro- 
posed the vote of the crown. The real primary meaning of BIkcuos is 
always right or righteous: the narrower senses true or just are merely 
secondary notions of the word. As one good instance, see Soph., 
TracL, 348.-26. & 8'...{iji £ is, but those which you, the whole people, 
supplied. — P. 88, 1. 3." €>pepTiKws. In the very midst of its perils and 
alarms, lit. walking in them. Whiston. It agrees with 8ijp,os. — a-yvw- 
[i-ovfjo-ai. Cf. 207. The state had reason to feel provoked then if 
ever at the orator's policy. — 4. ^v with the force of f}V &u, as so 
often. See 196, note e^pi<et. — o-on-^plas. Salvation,!, e. deliver- 
ance from impending destruction and restoration to perfect soundness. 
The use of the word to describe political successes is incessant in the 



NOTES. 245 

Attic orators. — 7. at Tcuppot. See the parallel passage iu Lycurgas 
(c. Leocr,, p. 154), eirejAeKovvTO yap oi fiev rrjs tCov T€ix&v KaraaKevrjS, 
oi de rrjs t&v racppuv, k. t. X. — 9. o-itwvtjv. Corn commissioner. 
Besides tlie regular o-tTo<pv\ai<es, who had the charge of the public 
granaries (<ti.to86kcu), there were appointed in any crisis of scarcity 
{(TtTodeia) special commissioners to procure an extra importation of 
foreign corn. See Die. Ant. Sitos. — 249. 11. -ypacpds. See 3, 
note on e\e(V. On d(rayye\ias, see 13. On evdvvas, 55, 117, etc. — 
(Tva-ravTOiv, having combined (aor.) ; eira'yovTttv, continually bringing 
(imperf. part.). — 12. ov 8i 3 ecurroov, i. e. they suborned persons to 
make these accusations and carry on these prosecutions, taking care 
to keep their own share in the proceedings out of sight, and choosing 
such instruments as were least likely to be suspected of connection 
with themselves : subornabant alios quorum nomine sperabant fore ut ipsi 
laterent. BREMI. — 14. irp«TOi>s, sc. p-era rr,v ev Xcupu^eta p-dxv u 
(Schol.). In 338, when the triumph of Macedon was assumed, there 
would naturally be a great opening for the Macedonian party at 
Athens to persecute the Opposition. — 16. 2g)ctikX£0us. Only men- 
tioned here : the same remark applies to Melantus. — ^iXoKpc/rous 
of Eleusis (c. Aristog., p. 783) : not the person mentioned above (21), 
who was of Hagnus. — 17. AiwvSov. 222. — 18. toCvw. There is 
an anacoluthon here. After the long protasis and parenthesis the 
speaker takes breath and starts as if with a fresh sentence. Trans- 
late : well, through all these troubles. "WTiiston renders : on all these 
occasions, I say. — 22. ei'opKa. Who had taken their oath and gave 
their verdict 'on oath, i. e. who gave a conscientious verdict. On the 
contrast of tenses in these participles cf. the parallel passage, 6 ; on 
vwep = to the honor of, cf. 1 and 8 ; and on evopKa, 2. — 250. 24. to 
pepos. 222. — P. 89, 1. 1. €Trscrr]patveo-0€. Continued to sign and 
seal, i. e. to approve officially as correct. JEschines uses the word 
metaphorically, de F. L., p. 34, indorsing. — 2. •n-poo-copoXo-yeiTe, you 
further certified. "Whiston. — 4. 6'vopa. What, name was it proper or 
right for Ctesiphon to assign to my actions, — was it not that name which he 
saw the public assigning ? etc. 

251. But, it will be said, a man of honor would never have 
been prosecuted at all. if so, happy the man ! yet how is 
he better than the accused, who is honorably acquitted ? i 
too may say i have never been prosecuted — at least by 
jEschines. 



246 NOTES. 

8. rb tov KecpdXov. That remark of Cephalus ivasjine: never to be 
put on public trial. More exactly : that affair of Cephalus was beautiful: 
never in any instance to have been prosecuted: yes, indeed, and fortunate 
too. The passage in iEschines runs thus (p. 81, fin.) : 'AXA' ov%i 6 
KecpaXos 6 iraXalos iKelvos, 6 BokQv 8yp.oTiKWTa.Tos yey ov&ai, o\>x ovtccs 
dXX' iirl rots ivavrlois £(pi\oTifJ,€LTO, tin ovSefiiav Trcbirore ypacpyv iricpevye 
irapovbixuv. "We have had Cephalus already mentioned, with the 
other eminent statesmen, 219. — 12. irpds ye tovtov, so far as he 
(iEschines) is concerned at least. — 14. (ypa^taro, sc. Alaxlvns. An- 
other taunt on the indirect attack (15, 16). ypdcpeadai describes the 
mere commencement of the action, ScdoKetu its prosecution. — 15. «p.o- 
Xo7T]p.ai fx-qSev. Although the normal construction would be ov8ei> 
we more usually find the negative to be fx-q after verbs of assertion or 
concession. If ov8fr had been written here the negative would not 
have had so close a connection with elvai. Whiston agrees with 
Schafer that jxntev, not ov$£v, is used to express the admission of 
^Eschines. 

252 - 255. Now for his argument regarding Fortune. Any 
argument founded on fortune is weak, but his particular 
argument is wrong in principle. how can the fortune of 
any private citizen affect or impair the fortune of the 
state ? However, let us examine his private Fortune and 
my own, side by side, in detail. 

252. 17. d-yvo)|Aocrvvnv. Unfairness, 207. Cf. ayvu/xovyja-ac, 248. 
fieyaXrjv 8£ Geots dyvupocnjvyp [66p.evoC\, Soph., Trach., 1266, injustice. 
— 19. #\ws ^Av, in general. It is correlative to tirei 8q St.— 20. 
irpo4>epei. Cf. p. 576, 1. 13, Kalroi irws icrri 8lKaiov TO&uo/ua pkv tovto 
ws tivf.iSos irpo<p£peiv i/xoi So objicere in Latin. — 21. ■fjv refers to tclv- 
ttjs below : how is it proper to speak of that, or how reproach another for 
that which, etc. — 27. dvOpwirivwrcpov, lit. more humanly, i. e. with a 
more just apprehension of human life : with how much more truth, and 
the moderation befitting the nature of man. — 253. P. 90, 1. 3. A«8w- 
vaiov. He assigns this ancient and venerable title here to Zeus, be- 
cause he wishes to represent him as the Lord of oracles and prophecies, 
whose estimate of Athenian fortune once declared oracularly must be 
always true ; the fortune of Athens is therefore intrinsically good ; 
though not exempt from sharing in the common distresses of the 
world, when such distresses are universal as they are at the present 
crisis. The good fortune of Athens, involving also the favor of the 



NOTES. 247 

gods, is a favorite theme with Demosthenes. Compare Phil., L, 12, 
where he says, " fortune always takes better care of us than we do of 
ourselves." — Tjfuv. After this word one MS. inserts rai rbv 'AiroWio 
rbv UvOlov. Dindorf, following 2, reads as above. But Bremi, Bek- 
ker, and Whiston retain the insertion. If retained it weakens greatly 
the force of /ecu before rbv Aia, Zeus himself, and weakens somewhat 
the force of the whole sentence. — 4. eirexsi, obtains, prevails. — 254. 
7. to y.\v roivvv. Now the fact that we chose the noblest policy and the 
fact that we are in better case than those very Hellenes who expected that 
their position would be constant prosperity, provided they threw us over — ■ 
this I set down to the state's good fortune. — 9. Sid^eiv, i. e. that they 
would live their lives out in a state of perfect happiness. — 10. tiGtjjw 
is in its technical sense of recording in a valuation or estimate under 
a particular item. — to 8e irpoo-tcpoucrai. But that we have met with 
reverses and that events have not all turned out as we wished, — this I con- 
sider the state has participated as our allotted share in the fortune of the rest 
of the world. The infinitives are the direct objects of fi€ra\a/j.j3dpoi 
which like ixer^x^ an( i fieradidcjfiL is often constructed with an accu- 
sative, as well as with a partitive genitive, and To...p.epos is in appo- 
sition with these infinitive clauses. In eTrcftaWov we have an example 
of the intransitive use of that verb: so Herod., II., 180, rods AeXcpods 
5£ eTr4(3a\\€ Trapaax^v. Id., IV., 115, tQiv kttjpl&tcov to eirifiaWov. — 
255. 14. 18 lav. Personal, i. e. iEschines has no right to say that my 
sins bring a curse on the state (iEsch., p. 73) : a man's personal for- 
tune only affects his own personal affairs and extends no further ; any 
estimate of it must be made within that limit. — 18. KvpioTe'pav. 
More supreme than: i. e. more potent in producing effects. Cf. iEsch., 
p. 73, I. 

256. AS HE HAS MADE PERSONAL REFLECTIONS ON ME, I AM 
OBLIGED, HOWEVER RELUCTANT, TO RETALIATE. 

25. \|ruxpoTTVTa. Ungenerous feeling : a lack of that human warmth 
of heart and sympathy which would naturally produce great tender- 
ness of word and deed towards the unfortunate. This use of the 
word xJ/vxpoTris is unexampled ; but the context explains it. The 
Lexica, however, and the editors translate it otherwise : indifference, 
puerility, absurdity. But L. and S. : coldness of heart, indifference. — 
26. e-yoi -ydp, for I (emphatic) do not consider any one wise who in- 
sults another for being poor, nor prides himself for being brought up 
in affluence. — P. 91, 1. 3. «s &v 8vv»|«u. The full form of the 



248 NOTES. 

adverbial expression which, is usually elliptical. Cf. 4 throughout. — 
£< twv ivovroiv, under (lit. out of) existing circumstances. 

257-264 1 HAD THE EDUCATION OF A GENTLEMAN FROM 
CHILDHOOD UPWARDS, AND I TOOK THE POSITION OF A GENTLEMAN 
IN PUBLIC LIFE AND BUSINESS. iEsCHINES BEGAN LIFE AS AN 
ERRAND-BOY OF VERY DUBIOUS PARENTAGE, WAS THEN ENGAGED 
IN A SUCCESSION OF MENIAL AND VULGAR OCCUPATIONS, FINALLY 
EMERGED AS A STATESMAN, BUT WHAT A STATESMAN ! — WITHOUT 
HEART AND WITHOUT CHARACTER ! 

257- 6. «J>oit&v has here its common technical sense to go to school. 
srcus ibv e<poLras es twos 5idacrKa\ov ; Arist., Eq., 1235 ; Plat., Prot., 
320, C, etc. The course of school education is fully described in the 
Protagoras, p. 325 ; it consisted of (1) ypafL/j,aTa (language spoken and 
written), (2) study of authors, (3) music, and (4) eikocr/xia (good 
principles and good behavior). — kg.1 ^x 6lv > K « T * ^-> an ^ to ^ iave w ^ at 
(i. e. such an inheritance or allowance as) one must have who is to do 
nothing mean through indigence, i. e. I was exempt from the necessity 
of earning my bread in any menial way, 258. The vulgarity of this 
"odious comparison" requires indeed all the apology of 256, and even 
so is intolerable. — 8. ileXGovn, i. e. when I became an ^0t?j3os and 
was entered in the \y)^Lapx^bv ypa^aretov as now reXuv els avdoas, 
and of ripe age to hold office. Cf. c Mid., pp. 564, 565 ; c. Aphob., 
p. S57 ; c. Onet., 865, etc.; Die. Ant., "E<pr)(3os. — cbdXovGa, suitable, 
the natural sequel : i. e. undertaking those state offices which only the 
wealthier class, 104, were required to serve. The .Choregus volun- 
teered, as the accepted representative of his tribe, to bear the whole 
expense of putting one of the selected Dramas on the stage. We have 
a fu'l account in the Midias of how the orator served the Choregia and 
the Trierarchia (pp. 540, 564). The duties of the Trierarch have been 
already noticed, 104-106. The system of the Eisphora (extraordinary 
Property Tax) was identical with that described 103, note, i^ye/xouas. 
For fuller particulars on the various technical allusions in this para- 
graph, see Die. Ant., s. vv. : and with all this account of the orator's 
early life compare the speeches against Aphobus, p. 811 sq. — 10. <|>i- 
AOTi}uas. Fell short in no point of duty either public or private. Bremi 
says: " officia ex quibus honorifice praestitis laus redundat in eum 
qui pnestiterat : hie etiam officia complectitur amicis prsestanda." 
Though (piXoTifjila is literally honorable ambition, we cannot but para- 
phrase it here. — 16. KaXd ye, honorable at any rate, whatever may be 



NOTES. 249 

said of their utility. — 258. 17. <rv\i.$€$C<aKa. with the next seven 
words happens to make a Hexameter. — iroXX. 1 '&v 'i\(»v, though I could 
say many other things about it, sc. if I would. — 19. kv ols. By dwelling 
on what I am proud of. The sentiment is exactly the same as in 4. 
The unexpressed antecedent to ev oh is roh irpayiw.cn, dative of the 
cause (i. e. the cause of their probable annoyance), in immediate con- 
nection with Xvirrjaat.. — 20. <rep.vos. Imposing: here false assump- 
tion is implied in contrast to just pride (crep.vvvop.aC). On <rep.vos, cf. 
35, tol prifxara. — 21. -n-pbs ravTT]v, in comparison with this. — iroia... 
™XT1> w hat kind of fortune you have experienced. — 23. irpo<re8pevwv. 
Sitting in attendance on ; i. e. not a member of the school, but only 
there as errand-boy and drudge. — jie'Xav. We know little or nothing 
about the ink used at this period ; but from this passage we must 
infer that it was prepared like our. Indian ink by rubbing from 
a cake. See Die. Ant., Atramentum. — 24. |3d9pa. Subsellia 
scholastica. Cf. Platon., Protag., 325, E, irapaTideaaiv avroh eirl 
tuv (3adpwv avayiyvd)(TKeu> ttoltjtGiv dyadQv ■Koi'hp.aTa. — iraiSa-Ywyeiov. 
Synonymous with 8L8a<XKa\e7ov. The word -rraiSayuyos has the gen- 
eral sense of tutor as well as its particular sense of the slave who 
escorted the boy on his way to school. — 25. oIkctou. Exactly our own 
domestic: an in-door servant only. — 259. 26. TeXovo-rj. Suidas calls 
Glaucothea a reXearpia, the orator styles her rvp-Tcaviarpia, 284. In 
these initiations, which were of Phrygian origin, Glaucothea as high 
priestess would play the cymbals, and iEschines would read the 
requisite passages out of the mystic books. The deity worshipped 
in these solemnities seems to have been Sabazius, a Phrygian god, 
afterwards identified with Dionysus Sabazius. Aristoph., Av., 875, 
e&xecrOe ko.1 cppvylXco 2a/3afiw, where (ppvyiKos is a wretched pun on 
Qpvyios. — 27. trvveo-Kevbipov. And helped in all the other business 
{ceremonies, Kennedy ; impostures, "YVhiston), i. e. all the technical 
performance connected with the rites, as the context explains. — 
P. 92, 1. 1. ttjv vvkto., during the night. p.ev is correlative to 8e with 
ev tcus 7ip.epa.is. — v€(3pi£o>v. A coined word, contemptuous in its 
form ; so Kpar-npifav also : working away with fawn-skin and bowl. The 
wearing of the fawn-skin in Dionysiac rites is sufficiently notorious ; 
here it is probably meant that the business of iEschines was to robe 
the candidates for initiation, as well as assuming the dress himself. 
See Harpocration (s. v.). The Kpar-hp would be indispensable, both 
for libations and for the orgies which followed. — KaOatpcov. Dissen 



250 NOTES. 

cites here the excellent explanatory note of Wyttenbach on Plutarch, 
de Superstit., 166, a. ' ' Lustrationis pars erat ut corpus lustrandum 
circumlineretur et quasi circumpinseretur imprimis luto, irn\$, turn 
abstergeretur, quorum illud est irepi/xdrreip hoc airop.aTTeu>, sed utrum- 
que promiscue de tota lustratione dicitur." See also Harpocration, s. v. 
&Tro/j.&TTa}j>. As here described, the clay was first smeared all over the 
skin and then rubbed off with bran. The total operation is meant by 
KadaLpuv, the details by /ccu...7rtTi^ois. — 3. &vio-t&s is transitive, rais- 
ing, or making them rise. — 4. frpv-yov. I've escaped the bad; I've 
found the better. The idea of initiation is to consecrate and purify the 
nature of the initiated. Hence the candidate is told to describe him- 
self as renouncing sin and cleaving to good forever. Cf. the notorious 
passage of Isocrates (Panegyr., 28) concerning the origin and concep- 
tion of the Mysteries. Also Cic, de Leg., II., 14. Eurip., Bacch., 
900, is compared by Elmsley. The same formula of devotion, as 
Dissen notices, was used at Athens in certain nuptial ceremonies : 
Suidas, s. v. %<pvyov. — 5. 6\o\v£ai is the howling in the orgies. — 
Kal...vo|i.(£a>, and for my part I believe it, sc. that no one ever did howl 
so. — 6. ovr<a pi-yci. Cf. 285, eticpuvov ; 313, Xa/xTrpocpwuSraTos. Also, 
p. 449, de F. L., where the voice of iEschines is fully criticised. — ■ 
260. 8. 0id<rovs has here its technical sense of a Dionysiac procession 
or rather riot, — "Iai<x e e^#£ rbvd' avd, \eip,Qvo x°P^ (TWV oaiovs es diacrw- 
ras. Arist., Ran., 326. — 9. |iap&9u>. Fennel, the Attic form of 
p.apadpi#. The plant was supposed to have magic powers. iElian, 
H. A., IX., 17, cited by Dissen. — Xcvkt). The white poplar was 
supposed to grow in the infernal regions. Harpocration cites Horn., 
II, XIII., 389 ; XVI. 482. That this Dionysus of the Mysteries was 
one of the xQbvioi is sufficiently clear from the Ranee of Aristophanes 
(if. c). — 10. irapetas. Squeezing the big-cheeked snakes. Like, if not 
the same as, the "puff adder." W. The serpents were so called from 
the puffed shape of their heads ; they were not venomous. Cf. 
Aristoph., Plut, 690. On their use in Bacchic rites, cf. Eurip., 
Bacch., 697 : Kctl Karaa-riKTovs dopds | '6<pecn Kare^dxravro \ixp-&(?w ytvvv. 
— 11. €uoi cra(3ot. Evoe Saboe. The joyous interjections evoT, eda, 
eMv (said to be of Eastern etymology) were specially appropriate to 
Dionysiac revels. Xa^oi is understood to be the abbreviated vocative 
of 2a/3d£*cos. — vtjs &rrr]s. The words of the song put to represent 
the tune of the dance — Hymen, Hymensee, is always cited as a par- 
allel. The ancient lexicographers explain vt)s firr^s as being mystic 



NOTES. 251 

names either of Dionysus or of Atys ; and support the former view 
by fanciful derivations, — vfis from verbs, &tty}s from dr-n. We have 
no other information as to the meaning or origin of the words. — 
€Tropxov|JL6Vos = dancing to the song. — 12. ^apxos applies to the mu- 
sic; irpo7]yefj.uv to the procession, = prozcentor, leader of the dance. The 
meanings of Kicrrocpbpos and \t.Kvo<pbpos are somewhat disputed. But it 
is pretty well established that the rio-rr) referred to was the chest in 
which the mystic articles were shut up and carried in procession (cf. 
the proverb '6vos (Lywv fiv<xrrjpia, Aristoph., Ban., 159, Schol.): and 
that the \Lkvov was a fan-shaped basket containing first-fruits and all 
necessaries for the sacrifices, Dionysus having, among other epithets, 
the ye" pas of XikvItyjs. — 14. ^vOpvirra. xpwfiol otvq fiefipeypLevoi ods 
eiroiovv els <XK&(p7]v aprovs diaOpvxJ/avTes — nal cpanrjv ewLcrKebdaavres 
(Ulpian), i. e. bits of bread soaked in a bowl of wine and sprinkled 
over with pulse. It may be rendered sweetmeats. — o-Tpcirrovs, twists. 
— 15. verjXaTa, according to Harpocration were rolls of fresh-ground 
barley-meal steeped in honey and studded with raisins and chick-peas. 
Lobeck, however, derives the word, with much more probability, from 
iXavvu, siting the use of eXar-qp for pastry in Aristoph., Equit., 1181. 
- — 261. 17. iveypd^s. Enrolled on the list of your deme. The presid- 
ing officer in every deme (8r)p.apxos) kept a register of all citizens of 
full age who could be counted among its members ; this was called 
the Xij^LapxiKov ypa/xfiareXov, and was the necessary record to prove 
citizenship. — tovto, i. e. the difficulty you had to get your name put 
on the list, on the ground of your parentage. — 18. oSv, After all. Here 
ovv has its full original force already noticed (23) as an accusative 
absolute of the neuter participle of eifd — this being so, i. e. the point 
being assumed to be true, though not worth discussing. Compare 
our I say, and however, in their resumptive use. — 19. Ypap-fiaTcveiv. 
127, 8\edpos ypaix;j.areijs. Be F. L., p. 371, 1. 20, etc. The diminu- 
tive apx^lots is sarcastic and contemptuous = petty magistrates. 
Aristoph., Av., 1111, kcLv \axovres apx^iov eW apiraacu ^OTjXrjcrOe tl. 
— 262. 23. Papvo-Tovois. To those actors nicknamed the Lugubrious, 
doubtless because they overacted the pathetic. We know nothing of 
them from other sources. In the de F. L., p. 418, we find JEschines 
acting as tritagonist to a different pair of artistes, Theodoras and Aris- 
todenrus ; but that was at Athens, not in the rural (or, as we should 
sa3 T , "provincial") performances. — 26. oirtopcov^s. A costermonger, 
lit. a small fruiterer who would purchase a stock of fruit from the 



252 NOTES. 

market-gardens and sell it on his own account. The rustic audience, 
according to the orator, pelted iEschines so freely for his bad acting, 
that he might have set himself up in the olive and fig trade with the 
quantities which they threw at him. — 27. rpa.v\>.ara. The remark 
is meant to be facetious : i. e. iEschines received more wounds from 
figs and olives in his desperate and deadly battles with the audience 
than he ever did in the state's service. With Dindorf I prefer to 
retain rpav/maTa here, though 2 omits it ; all the other MSS. have it, 
and Schafer retained it, though with a different interpretation ; 
according to his view iEschines robbed the orchards and got caught 
and thrashed while doing so. But the other explanation is simpler 
and better. So Holmes. But rpavp,ara is probably a gloss, and is 
omitted by most editors. And elyibvcw, especially with the relative 
clause which follows, can hardly mean anything else than the dramatic 
contests in which iEschines and~his associates were continually battling 
(imperf.) for dear life. The result was, Demosthenes means to say, 
that they got more (both kicks and coffers) in this way than from act- 
ing in the plays. — P. 93, 1. 2. dtcrirovSos Kal &kt|Pvktos, an implacable 
and unceasing war, where there is no mention of a treaty and no sus- 
pension of hostilities on the appearance of a herald with a flag of 
truce. W. — 4. o-kwittsis. As iEschines charged Demosthenes with 
cowardice in the battle of Chasronea, e. g. p. 76, Karayayoijo-rjs 8' av- 
tov eh rrjv tto\lv t?jS aTrpoa8oK7)TOV aur-npias tovs jxkv Trpdorovs XP 0V0VS 
vworpofjios ijP ILvdpuTOS, Kal irapi&v TjfMLdvqs iwl to (3r)fia elprjvocpuXaKa 
v,uas avrbu iaiXeve x^POTOvetp. — 5. av . . .airi<a<rair , which might be 
imputed to his poverty, lit. for which one might blame his poverty. 
C. 431 ; Cu. 422 ; G. 173, 2 ; H. 577, b. — 6. a{n-a...Ka<nnop^aTa, 
the actual charges against your character. — 8. ttotc. At last : con- 
tinuing the taunt that iEschines was long excluded from political life 
by his low origin and occupations. — 9. Xcryw (3£ov. Herod., III., 
108, 6 \aybs vwb iravrbs d-qpeverai dypLov Kal opvidos Kal avdpuirov. 
"Lepus," says Bremi quaintly, "omnibus gentibus et setatibus imago 
est timiditatis, quippe qui ne dormiens quidem audeat oculos occlu- 
dere." — 264. 12. \ l ^ l(iiV - Diodorus (XVI., 86) returns the loss in 
the battle of Chaeronea at more than a thousand killed and quite two 
thousand taken prisoners. — 13. iQappr\<re. Was in high spirits, i. e. 
was absolutely and obviously exhilarated and emboldened by the 
circumstance: 



NOTES. 253 

265, 266. I RECAPITULATE AND SUMMARIZE THE COMPARISON OF 

OUR PRIVATE FORTUNES. 

265. 21. l8i8acrK€s. This passage lias been universally admired "by 
a host of critics from Hermogenes downwards ; but 1 cannot myself 
admire it at all, except for the neatness with which the "antitheta" 
are balanced. It appears to me not only vulgar but fallacious. In 
what respect is the school-boy superior to the pupil-teacher, or the 
candidate for initiation to the acolyth who initiates him, or the audi- 
ence to the artistes ? The utmost the orator says against iEschines is 
this, that owing to inferior birth and poverty he had no social advan- 
tages, and had to fight his own way in the world. The more honor 
to him for having successfully achieved it. — !t€\€is...t|kk\tig-ux5;ov. 
You performed initiations, and I teas initiated ; you danced in the choir, 
and I was choregus ; you were a clerk in the assembly, and I was a member. 
— 24. ef-eiriTrres. You were hissed off the stage, and I hissed you : for the 
enemy has all your policy been, mine for my country. It may be hetero- 
dox to say so, but all this antithesis seems to me studied and un- 
natural, and not at all consistent with the honest indignation which 
Demosthenes affects. But no doubt it would be very effective as 
oratory. With e^ewnrres compare de Fals. Leg,, p. 449. Mr. Kennedy 
quotes from Milton's Apology for Smectymnuus an imitation of this 
passage. Speaking of the young divines and students at college, whom 
he had so often seen upon the stage acting before courtiers and court 
ladies, he proceeds thus: "There while they acted and overacted, 
among other young scholars, I was a spectator ; they thought them- 
selves gallant men, and I thought them fools ; they made sport, and 
I laughed ; they mispronounced, and I mimicked ; and to make up 
the Atticism, they were out, and I hissed." "W. — 266. P. 94, 1. 2. 
Kiv8vv€veis, you are on trial whether you are still to continue doing this (the 
work of an informer) or forthwith to be silenced; and you are sure to 
lose in either event : if you get your verdict, you go # on with your 
established but degrading profession of traitor and informer ; if you 
do not get a verdict, you 're a ruined man and even that career is 
closed to you. Accordingly, iEschines is said to have left Athens, 
even before Demosthenes had concluded his speech, and gone into 
exile at Ehodes. — 5. ovx opas. Parenthetical as in 232. Good, 
indeed, — don't you see? is the fortune in which having passed your life, 
etc. W. — 267.9. IXvfjiaivov. Murdered, or used to murder, cf. 180. 
The first iambic cited is Eurip. , Hec, 1 ; the author of the second is 



254 NOTES. 

unknown. On the word mKayyekeiv to be bearer of wretched tidings the 
point of the next sentence turns : and wretch as you are, may you come 
to a wretched doom, — by the judgment of heaven, if so it may be, if not, by 
the judgment of all here present, ^ireira (1) answers fidXiara /xev with a 
little more force than el 5e ix-q (103), respresenting a closer and more 
immediate alternative. The Greeks were fond of paronomasia, like 
this: kclkov /ca/oDs airo\t<re<.av, cf. Plutarch., De Sera, VII. ; Mat., 
XXL, 41. See also the Latin: malos male perdere. 
268, 269. I will not mention my private benefactions. It 

IS MEAN OF A MAN EVEN TO RECOLLECT HIS OWN GOOD DEEDS OF 
THAT KIND. 

268. 18. <rui>ir<3, k. t. X. This rhetorical figure "I will not say," 
"I will not mention," is alike frequent and plausible in ancient and 
modern oratory. — 20. i\v<ra\i.T)v. Ransomed. Cf. de F. L., p. 394 ; 
adv. Nicostr., p. 1250. — 21. trwefje'SwKa. Helped to dower — Htl toLwv 
Kal Idig. nai tCov ito\ltG}v diropovac awe^diOKe dvyarepas /cat a5e\(pas. 
Lys., de Aristoph., pec, 59. — 269. P. 95, 1. 4. fUKpov 8eiv, almost. 
C. 665; Cu. 564; G. 268; H. 772. — 6v€i8^€iv, sc. with ingratitude 
and forgetfulness. Compare the well-known sentiment in Terence, 
And., L, i., 16 : — 

Nam ist hsec commemoratio 
Quasi exprobratio est immemoris benefice. 

■ — 7. dpK€i |ioi. Whatever may be my general reputation as to this, that 
is enough for me. 

270 - 275. is disaster limited to us at athens ? is it not 
universal, even where my name has never been heard of ? 
Blame bad fortune : do not blame my bad statesmanship. 
Why did not ^Eschines suggest a better policy ? Because 
there was no better. when a man has done his best to win, 
losing deserves not censure but sympathy. 

270. 11. dOoios, unscathed of or by, followed by a gen. of source or 
cause. — 12. vvv, i. e. the year 331-330. So in 253, tOxv v ^ "&" 
67r^xet. The supremacy of Alexander was at its height ; the news of 
his Asiatic triumphs was constantly reaching Greece, and his lieu- 
tenant Antipater had just crushed the Peloponnesian secession at 
Megalopolis. — 14. t^v €jrf|V...pov\€i, my fortune or ill for tune, which- 
ever you choose to call it. — 271. 20. (popdv is rendered by some here as 
in the corresponding passage, 61, crop; but most editors take it here, 
if not also there, in the sense of rush, current, torrent. o\>x o'iav tdet is 



NOTES. 255 

an adj. clause and may be rendered, lamentable, intolerable, lit. such as 
ought not to have been. irpayfidTojv has here its frequent sense of troubles. 
272. 22. tov irapd tovtoutI clearly means, me whose political career 
has been at home among my own citizens. "W. — 273. P. 96, 1. 4. ov -yap 
err' evvoia y c|xot, for it was not out of good-will to me, assuredly, that you 
resigned to me prospects, and admiration, and honors... but because you were 
compelled by the truth, manifestly, and because you had nothing better to say 
(advise). Surely you did not sacrifice these in order that I might win 
them. The fact is, my policy was so good that it was impossible to 
suggest anything better. As to the construction of the Greek : ip.oi 
is the dative of relation (Madv., G. S., 35, a), eXiriduv the genitive 
of privation (57, b). — 274. 12. opyfjv. The accusatives are in appo- 
sition to dLwpicr/j.eva the object of 6pQ. — 15. ov KaxwpBaxrc. Failed 
in common with all, failed with a failure which all shared. The orator, 
here as throughout, imputes the failure of his own policy not to bad 
judgment but to bad luck, — not to his own bad luck, but to the bad 
luck of the universe at this particular epoch. On the distinction be- 
tween a,Tvxvf JLaTa > afj.apT7jij.aTa, and aducrj/xaTa, cf. Aristot. , Rhet., I. , 
13 cited by Dissen. On unwritten laws, see Soph., Antig., 452, and 
Xen., Mem., IV., 4, 19, cited by Whiston. — 276. 27. Scivdv. A 
man of art, and juggling, and sophistry. We find the same contemptuous 
collocation in Plato's Symp., 203, D. On the difference between <xo<pt.a- 
Tf)$ and pr)Twp, cf. Aristot., Rhet, I., 1 {fin.).— P. 97, 1. 1. «s here, 
like &<rirep just above, marks its clause as subjective, that is, express- 
ing the view of iEschines, C. 680 ; Cu. 588 ; G. 277, N. 2 ; H. 795, e ; 
and the participle 2x ovra i s i n tne accus. although it is not impers. 
C. 675 ; G. 278, H""j H. 793. Render: as though when one is the first 
to say things about another which belong to himself, these, forsooth, must also 
be true. — 277. 6. KaK€ivo...8€ivoTT)Ta, that also I know well, that in re- 
gard to my skill as an orator (but let this pass), — for be it so, i. e. if it 
be admitted : he completes the sentence here interrupted with the 
words eipr)<reTe ir&vTes, k. t. A., 1. 12, below. He admits that there 
may be some truth in imputing to him professional talent as orator ; 
but he argues, pretty correctly, that an orator's professional success 
depends on his being found to meet the sympathies and to serve the 
interests of his hearers. The very imputation, therefore, of oratorical 
success is a sort of guaranty of patriotic sendee. — 9. <os 7ap...oi)Tcos, 
for as (according as) you may accept and feel kindly towards each, so (and 
so only) does the speaker seem to be wise (have credit for wisdom). His 



256 NOTES. 

reputation both as a statesman and orator rests entirely on the verdict 
of his audience. For otfrws=so only, only to that extent, compare 7, 
note in ra Strata. — 11. oSv, resumptive, 261. — Ijj/ireipia here takes 
the place of deivdrrjTa above, and shows what it means. — 13. i^era- 
^ofwvqv, proved by the test and examination of facts, 173. — 278. 
19. tov KaXbv Ka-yaOov. Both these adjectives are attributes alike to 
the mental, the moral, and the physical, — ra\6s implies the beauty 
of goodness and ay ados the integrity. In their present common juxta- 
position they mean pretty nearly what we call the man of honor, and 
what Cicero calls honestus. — 20. Tovs...8iKao-Tas, thou who have come 
into the court as judges for thepublic weal. — 21. &£iovv avrai (3ef3cuovv, to 
require them to secure to himself that is, to gratify his own personal resent- 
ment and enmity. — 26. ev ols. In cases where the people have to deal 
with their enemies, i. e. to defend themselves against their enemies' attack. 
On this dative of relation depending on the impersonal earl, see Mad- 
vig's G. S., 38, a. — 279. P. 98, 1. 1. [irfievbs 8* dSiK^aTOs. Translate : 
But that without ever having claimed to get satisfaction from me for any 
public nor, I will add, even any private wrong either on the state's behalf or 
his own, he should now come forward having gotten up an accusation against 
my being crowned and honored, etc. Whiston. — 5. <rvve<rK€i>a<rji€vov. 
Perfect middle. This sense of o-WKevafav as concocting and conspiring 
is abundantly illustrated by the Lexica. — 280. 10. <j><ovao-Klas. iEschi- 
nes speaks of the orator's voice as o&iav rai avbaiov (de F. L., p. 49, 
157). Here Demosthenes retorts that iEschines had chosen to take up 
this contest from a wish (PovXo/xeuos denoting the motive) to make an 
exhibition of oratory and vocal practice {\6yoou Kai ^wvaadtas), not to get 
satisfaction for any wrong. — 14. 6 tovos. Raising of his voice. iEschi- 
nes had taunted him as ivTewdfjcevos rrjv <f>wvr)v {de F. L., 1/c.) and had 
asked -Ws r\ Kpavy-f) ; ris 6 tovos tt)s (puvrjs ; p. 84. Cf. Cic, Or., XVIII. 
Quintilian, XI., 3. — 281. 19. rfjs avrfjs. We understand ayicvpas 
from the context op/met. This genitive has been already discussed 17 
{first note). The meaning of the proverb not to ride at the same anchor 
is obvious ; here alluding to iEschines's Macedonian proclivities. As 
one of many illustrations we may cite p. 1296, 1. 1, fi-nd' eid 8vow 
ayiajpaiv op/nelv avTobs eare. Cf. Eurip., Or., 68 ; Plat., Phced., 227. 
Bremi, however, understands it to mean "im gleichen Schiffe mit 
den andern fahren." — 21. op&s : 266. — (yd), sc. ^x<y, / have. — 282. 
24. (iroptvov, wished to go. See Grote, XL, 699; Plutarch, Pho- 
cion, c. 10. W. — 26. dpvovjievos. Imperfect tense,- — although be- 



NOTES. 257 

fore he always refused this service (of going on embassy). By iravra 
Xpbvov lie probably means only from 346 to Chseronea. The statement 
any way is quite inconsistent with the spurious psephism (29) which 
mentions iEschines among its irpeo-peis. — P. 99, 1. 2. KaxapaTai. A 
general imprecation of all who were e'xfyot rrj 7r6Aei was a formal part 
of the proceedings in every eKKkrjala. Cf. Die. Ant., s. v. The ora- 
tor implies that his opponent was that worst of all foes, a traitor. — 
283. 10. (Jtt]8ev...irpa7jJLa. Compare the familiar expression : tL e/jloI 
nai aoL, what have I to do with thee? John, ii., 4. — 284. 18. ge'vos *] 
4>i\os *i -yvwpi|ios, guest friend, or friend at all, or acquaintance. Com- 
pare 51, 52. "The repetitions, the enforcement again and again of 
the same points, are a distinguishing feature of Demosthenes, and 
formed also one of the characteristics of Mr. Fox's great eloquence." 
Loed Brougham. — Ti>|nravi<rTplas, cf. 259, note. — 21. el\T]p,p.evos 
and ^-yovtts are concessive = although you have yourself been manifestly 
found (lit. caught) a traitor, etc. C. 674, f; Cu. 582; G. 277, 5; 
H. 789, f. 

285-291. The city has been grateful to me for my many 
services, and as an instance of it, i was appointed to make 
the funeral speech over those who fell in the battle. many 
of you eminent orators aspired to the honor. but the state 
knew how your sympathies and friendships lay, and there- 
fore rejected you all and took me. the epitaph on those 
who were slain confirms my assertion that their fall was 
due to evil fortune, not to evil policy. 

285. 26. tov cpovvT . The nature of these funeral orations is suf- 
ficiently explained by Thucydides (II., 34). Compare also Platon., 
Menex., p. 236 ; Demosth., c. Leptin., p. 499 ; Aristid., Panath., I., 
p. 331 ; Cic. Leg., II., 24, 62 ; Orat., 44, 151.— P. 100, 1. 2. Ai^d- 
8tjv. This person was no less remarkable for eloquence than for cor- 
ruption (Plutarch., Phoc, 1) : he was a bitter enemy of Demosthenes 
(Id., Demosth., 28) and an ardent supporter of Philip, whose good 
graces he secured when a captive after Chseronea (Diod., XVI., 87) : 
he maintained the same influence with Alexander, and was bribed by 
the friends of Demosthenes to use it for the preservation of the 
anti-Macedonian orators when Alexander demanded their execution. 
Eventually Demades was put to death by Antipater, who detected 
him playing a double game between himself and Perdiccas (Diodor., 
XVIII. , 48). For further particulars see Smith, Die. Biog. — 3. 

Q 



258 NOTES. 

'H"y%ova. This orator and Pythocles were both put to death by 
order of the Athenian Assembly in the year 317, sharing the fate of 
Phocion whose supporters they had been. Plut, Phoc., 35. Pytho- 
cles is mentioned by the orator, pp. 411, 442. — 7. 'ir tfjjiavov. Dis- 
sen comments thus: "etiam studiosius et luculentius. Similis usus 
adverbii /caAcDs de quo vide Schseferum ad Soph., (Ed. R., 1008." 
We may render the phrase yet the more. The passage in Sophocles 
runs: /caAws et dijXos ovk etSws tL dp$s. " 'T is all too clear thou 
know'st not what thou dost." 286. 11. cvOcvovvtwv, a rare word in 
Attic Greek and of doubtful etymology, but used repeatedly in the 
Eumenides of iEschylus : for what you denied upon oath when affairs 
were prosperous, this you confessed in the misfortunes of the state.— IB. 
a>v...&8etav. Schafer understands this to mean freedom to express their 
feelings without reserve. But the phrase will hardly bear this exten- 
sion. Rather : secured impunity for their designs. So "Whiston also 
takes it. The context would fit either translation. — 287. 17. \ir\Q y 
ojxtopocjnov, literally, under the same roof Should have neither shared 
the dwelling or the meal: as these acts would be typical always of sym- 
pathy and association. The phrase yeyevnfifrov dvai instead of 7e7e- 
vrjadat seems to be only for variety, the latter form having occurred 
so instantly before. This usage of the auxiliary elvai is not at all 
uncommon, as Reiske supposes. Cf. Soph., 0. R., 580, 1146 ; Plat., 
Tim., 26; Phil, 39; Soph., 217, and Madv., G. S., 180, d. — 19. 
€K6i, in the court of Philip. He seems to be speaking here of the 
Macedonian rejoicing after the defeat of the Phocians. Whiston. — 
Kwjxdi^iv. All the editors cite the parallel from the de F. L., p. 380 ; 
odros els rairiviKia t&v Trpay/xdroiv /cat tov irokifiov a QrjftcuoL Kal $l\iir- 
7ros fdvov, elcmaTO iXduv koX <nrov§uv /xereixe /cat €i>x&v &s enl rois rdv 
cvjj,fjLaxuv tQv vfxere'puv reixecri /cat x&pa Kal 8ir\ois airdKwkbcriv tjvx^to 
e/cewos, Kal (rvvecrecpavovTO kcu crvveiraubvi^e QiXlTnrii) Kal ^tXoxTjcrias 
irpov-mvev. — 20. viroKpivdjJievov. Acting his part. The orator reiter- 
ates his taunt on iEschines's original profession, 15. — 288. 27. 6 \i\v 
8-rjp.os. Another good instance of the really subordinate sentence 
being introduced by p.4u and the principal by 5£ Cf. 3. Paraphrase : 
and it was not the case that while the people voted thus, yet the parents, etc., 
voted otherwise. — P. 101, 1. 2. ireptSeiirvov. The funeral banquet, called 
also veKpoSenrvov. Lucian de Luctu, c. 24. — a>s. Fully expressed this 
phrase would run irap oUeioTaTU) <bs bvvarbv ty. Cf. 4. Render : with 
the nearest possible relative. The addition of ws always intensifies the 



NOTES. , 259 

superlative to this maximum degree, and if a preposition is connected 
with, the superlative it naturally comes between it and the ws. Abun- 
dant examples are cited : p. 309, 1. 2, p. 585, 1. 3, etc. See also Madv., 
G.S., 96; C. 553^ c; Cu. 631, a; H. 66L—G. <S Y dp. For he who 
had the deepest interest in their life and fortune, surely he had the largest 
share of the anguish felt for them all, when they had met that fate, which, 
oh! that they never had. With fx-nwoTe we obviously supply iradelv. 
The argument is this : the statesman holds as most precious to him- 
self the life and welfare of every single citizen ; therefore he feels 
most keenly the blow of their loss in every single instance. Kindred 
would only feel for their individual kin ; but his own grief is univer- 
sal. "The sentiment is like that which (Edipus expresses in the 
beautiful lines of Sophocles ((Ed. Rex, 88)." Kennedy. — 289. 
EniXPAMMA. Gottling contends ingeniously, but strangely, that 
Demosthenes himself was the author of this Inscription. He relies 
especially on the parallel passages in this oration, pp. 297 and 322. 
Bekker contradicts him. We have no historical evidence on the. sub- 
ject ; but if Demosthenes was the author, why does he not say so 
here ? And if he was the author himself, what becomes of his argu- 
ment in 290 ? To the many verse translations which have been 
already published of this, I venture to add the following paraphrase : 

Here lie the dauntless, for their country's right 

Who drew the sword, and crushed the foeman's might. 

Death, in the fray, they set by common claim — 

(Their lives they spared not in the thirst for fame) — 

As umpire of their glory or their shame : 

And this for Hellas' sake ; that never thrall 

Nor curse of bondage on her neck should fall. 

Sore had they toiled : their mother earth hath pressed 

(So heaven decrees) their bodies to her breast. 

Heaven's the unerring aim, th' eternal power : 

For man no respite from his destined hour. 

— 14. ds Sfjptv 20€Vto. Literally, set their weapons to the fight: a pon- 
derous yet feeble expression : deadai as applied to arms being properly 
to pile them, and only bearing the former sense when applied to troops, 
not to weapons. — 15. d/ireo-KeScurav. Here, with brilliant rhetorical 
facility, the will is put for the deed. — 16. SeijxaTos. I must differ 
(for once) from Dindorf in the reading of this ill-expressed and con- 
fused passage, which no amount of emendation will make even toler- 



260 NOTES. 

able. He reads Xi^uitos; "but the MSS. all agree in Mfiaros. I 
think we may interpret it thus : in the fighting — a game whose stakes 
are courage and fear (i. e. display of courage is tantamount to winning 
the game ; display of panic is tantamount to losing the game) — they 
spared not their lives ; but took Death as their common umpire. In other 
words they fought till they lost their lives, and thus appealed to the 
Lord of the Unseen World to decide whether they had been brave or 
cowards, winners or losers, in the game of battle. On the construc- 
tion of aperrjs here without irepi or any similar preposition , see Mad v., 
56, Genitive as Object of the Verb ; and 53, Genitive of Reference. 
Soph., Trach., 1122 ; Plat., Rep., V., pp. 459, 470. It is quite true 
that apeTrjs is meant to be governed by fipafi?] also, but not, as some 
editors contend, by Ppa.pr) only. In translating, however, we cannot 
avoid taking it exclusively with the latter : we might say in English 
they fought for death or victory, but we really could not say fought for 
shame or glory. Whiston translates thus : In their contest they did not 
save their lives, but of timidity and courage they made Hades the impartial 
umpire. — 23. $iropev. The subject is clearly 6 deos, and nothing can 
be more awkward than the ellipsis. The 8i after fxolpav is perhaps 
meant to have the intensive force of Srj. So Dissen takes it. But 
among the many defects of the poem such a trifle as 8e coming the 
fourth word in the sentence, and yet acting as conjunctive, may 
surely pass unchallenged. Why this inscription has ever been ad- 
mired I am quite at a loss to discover : to me it seems a tissue of 
platitudes very clumsily expressed in language by no means original. 
And the sentiment is false throughout it. These heroes fell not as 
victors but as vanquished, — they did not avert the doom of Hellas, — 
and their defeat was due not to destiny, but to the vacillating policy 
of the country for which they fought so hard and so well. The ora- 
tor is probably conscious of this last opening being left for his antago- 
nist, and he tries to close it up accordingly in the next sentence, 
straining the simple sense of the epitaph to suit his purpose. — 24. 
K<xl &/ avrw touto), in this very epitaph also, as well as from me. — 290. 
26. dve0T)K€, the attributes. This use of the aorist is just parallel to 
the Epistolary imperfect in Latin, the time of action being restricted 
to the very time of writing, i. e. a past time; whereas our own 
idiom looks on the thing written, as an agency, on the part of its 
writer, which is present as well as past. — P. 102, 1. 3. rptyeiav. 
Strictly optative : i. e. to express a prayer. 



NOTES. 261 

291-300. Your undisguised sympathy with our enemies 

BRANDS YOU, iEsCHINES, AS A TRAITOR. If IT WAS MY DOING, 

as you allege, that we opposed the despot, i glory in the 
deed. but you taunt me with being a partisan of philip. 
Surely it is you, and the like of you in other states, who 
deserve this imputation. i and my state utterly disclaim 
tT. In word, thought, and deed I have proved myself Phil- 
ip's UNCOMPROMISING FOE. I APPEAL TO FACTS FOR CONFIRMA- 
TION. 

291. 7. «>s &v. Supply &rxe, would have had, not, as Schafer says, 
e^ot. — 9. Iirdpas, with his voice raised and in exultation and with a 
screech. Xapvyyiu tovs p-qropas (i. e. screech them down), Arist., Eq., 
358. More literally : raising his voice and exulting and straining Ms 
windpipe. — 12. tois "ye-yevT) pivots. In the miseries that had come to 
pass he had no feeling in common with the rest (of his fellow-citizens) : 
i. e. he stood alone in his glee, every one else being in despair. This 
is mere repetition of 244, 217. — 292. 13. kcutow And yet one who 
professes regard for the laws and constitution, like my opponent at present, 
should at any rate have this attribute if nothing else, that he sympathizes in 
sorrow and in joy with the nation, and never in his public policy bands him- 
self with the party of their foes, rots iroXKoh is the natural dative fol- 
lowing an expression of identity ; Ter&xQai as a perfect tense suggests 
entire and complete partisanship ; koiv&v depends on Trpoatpeaei, which 
is. a datiws modi. — 293. 21. Iim. For if you were to grant me this, that 
it was through my instrumentality you utterly opposed that despotism over 
Hellas which was being organized, you would grant me a greater boon than 
all which you have given to the rest, e^ is emphatic both by its form 
and its place in the sentence ; by ctXXots are meant any other states- 
men who have received public votes of thanks or emoluments. — 
294. P. 103, 1. 5. <piXnriri<rpov. Lord Brougham compares "Jacob- 
inism." We have already had (ptXnnrKT&vTWv, 176. — 7. err* aXrjGeCas, 
17. If laying aside falsehood and all malicious speech you ought to inquire 
on the basis of truth who they are in reality on whose head all would 
naturally and justly lay the blame, of what has happened — 11. K€(paX^jv, 
einem etwas auf den Kopf schuld geben (Schafer). — 295, 17. inrdpx°v- 
ras Schafer explains bdonging to them, i. e. of their own faction : Dis- 
sen, available, i. e. open to being led away : Westermann, like Schafer, 
their own severally, and so Whiston. But the word must^surely mean 
. a little more than a mere possessive pronoun. Transl. who were in their 



262 NOTES. 

hands: i. e. who were subordinate members of the states in which 
these others were leaders, and who blindly trusted to their leadership. 
— 8ia4>0eipovT€s. The orator always divides the Greek world into 
two classes : those who sympathized with his own Athenian policy, 
and those who did not : to the latter he gives the sweeping designa- 
tion of traitors. Against this Polybius (XVII. , 14) makes a very 
proper protest : TriKpjTarov 8vei8os rots €7ri<pave(TT&Tois tQi> 'EWr/vuv 
die/} Kai aKpLrias irpocreppi\pe. — 18. Adoxos. Harpocration, under the 
name Mtf/ms, mentions a number of these revolutionists, quoting the 
lost history of Theopompus where further particulars seem to have 
been given. No historical interest attaches to any of the names : 
some of them we have had already in 48, 69, 71 cited with the same 
application. Hipparchus is mentioned by the orator, p. 125. And 
Demaratus is named by Plutarch {Alex , 9) as a friend of Philip, and 
companion of Alexander in his expedition to the East. Cicero 
imitates this passage, in his oration against Verres, II., 4. — 
296. 27. erriXeUj/ci suggests at once the obvious parallel in the 
Epistle to the Hebrews, xi., 32. — P. 104, 1. 4. dXdo-ropes. <pavels 
aXdarwp r/ kclkos daip-oju irodiv, iEsch., Pers., 354. rovd' 6 iraXaibs 
5pip.t>s aXdaTwp, Id., Ag., 1501. The orator speaks of these persons 
as if they were sent for divine visitations on the sins of their respec- 
tive states — national curses. Whiston renders the three epithets, foul 
and fawning and fend-like. — 5. •f)Kp&>TTjpta(r|x€voi. Perfect middle. 
Kai fCov vrjQv ko.it piovs exovcriwv ras wpwpas r)Kpo)T7)pia<rav. Herod., 
III., 59. Here exactly crippled, as Kennedy translates. — 6. irpoire- 
tto)k6t€S. According to the Scholiast whom Dissen quotes (Pind., 
01., VII., 5), irpoTriveiu strictly is to present the drinking-cup as a gift 
to your guest at the banquet where he drinks from it. That it 
means to pledge a health (propinare) we have abundant evidence in the 
Lexica. The orator (p. 284) dwells on the fact that Philip irpotiirivev 
iKTribpLaT' apyvpa /cat xputra ai/rols. And on p. 34 he uses the phrase 
TrpoTriiroTac to, Trpdyp.ara in a sense exactly the same as here : toasted 
away. So Lord Brougham. — 10. 6poi Kai Kavdves, normal et regidce: 
standards and rules. — dvaT€Tpo<j>OT€s. While they have subverted liberty 
and independence (lit. the having no master over themselves). The 
similarity of form in the perfects of Tptirw and rptyco is sufficiently 
noticed in all grammars and lexica. The later form in each case was 
rirpatpa., and some editions here read avarerpcupoTes. I have followed 
Dindorf in retaining the omicron. — 297. 14. d 8«i \ii\ Xrjpciv, if we- 



NOTES. 263 

must speak in earnest, lit. not trifle. — 17. K<xl eyw Trap vp.iv, and I be- 
fore you, sc. have been made guiltless (sub. avairios yeyova). — civtC, 
followed by the genitive of piice, for, in return for. The answer to 
this question which follows is greatly admired by Lord Brougham. — 
238. 25... 27. ov8£...o-vpp > 6p > ov\euKa, nor in all the advice that I have 
ever given to my hearers, have I ever, like you (iEschines and the other 
hirelings just mentioned) advised as if I were the tongue of a balance 
inclining towards lucre. If this reading of Dindorf (uo-irepavel rpvTdvrj) 
be correct, the orator compares himself to the tongue of a balance, 
but disclaims any bias or leaning in one direction, that direction 
being private advantage. The common reading is ucnrep av el ii> rpv- 
rdvy, with an inclination towards lucre, as if set on the scales [with a 
bias], peirwv in either reading would be intransitive, describing the 
speaker's own bias, not the direction he gives to that of others. The 
passage in De Pace, 12, is an excellent illustration : orav 8' eirl ddrepa 
&awep ets Tpvrdwnu dpyipiov irpocreviyKrjS ot'xercu (pepov kolX KadeikKvice 
tqv \oyiap.bv i<f avrb, /ecu ovk av 'er bpd&s ovo vyiCos 6 tovto irotrjcras 
wept ovdevbs Xoyiacuro. — P. 105, 1. 1. xj/vx^S. Here follow in most 
editions the words ra iravra fioi ire'irpa.KTai. They are not found in 2, 
and look very like an interpolation. — 299. 5. p.ou. There is not, 
1 think, the emphasis on the pronoun here which Whiston conceives. 
It would in that case be e/xoO. The passage in iEschines is p. 87. el 
jxkv yap \eyeis odev tt\v dpxv v tov \f/r)<pi<r p.aros eiroufiab), otl tcls rdcppovs 
rds irepi ra re6xv /caXws irdcppevcre, davptdfa crov, k. t. X. For the 
agreement of &&a, see C. 496 ; Cu. 366 ; G. 138, K 2 ; H. 511. — 

— 6. iroppco, i. e. far below. So irpbauy biKaluv, iEsch., Eumen., 414. 

— irov = perhaps. See Lex. — 7. ov \L6ois. This is the passage 
quoted at the beginning of Libanius's Hypothesis. The idea, though 
not quite original, is clothed in good and bold language by the orator, 
and comes in as a most effective repartee on his opponent. The 
well-known ode of Sir W. Jones, " What constitues a state ?" is cited 
by Whiston in illustration. — 9. n-e-yio-Tov (f>povw. I feel most proud. 
The genitive rdv efiavrov depends on the superlative : lit. most of my 
doings. Fully expressed the phrase would have run ws p.eyi<TTois oven 
t&v vir ifmvTov Treirpayiihwv. But the compression gives it thrice as 
much force. — 11. tottovs, k. t. X. The allusions are clearly, as Dis- 
sen remarks, to Eubcea, Boeotia, Megaris, Corcyra, and Leucadia (see 
227 - 237). These accusatives have all to be understood afterwards 
as the object of afivvov/j.frovs, tovtuv being the whole body of the 



264 NOTES. 

citizens supposed present in their public assembly which the speaker 
is addressing. — Kal TroX\ovs...ajx.vvovjjievovs, and many to defend them 
for us. 7ro\\oi/s, however, is not in the best MSS. and edd. — 300. 
17. tois Xoyio-jjiois, calculations, i. e. tactics. He means that his own 
political calculations were the best humanly possible ; that he cannot 
admit Philip to have been his superior in political judgment, but only 
in successful fortune. Observe the emphatic position of eyib in con- 
trast with Philip and his tactics. — 18. orpaTTj-yol. Tarn en Athe- 
nienses post cladem Lysiclem praetorem, accusatore Lycurgo, capitis 
damnarunt, conf. Diodor., 16, 88. Dissen. — 19. Swdjwis. The 
singular is more usual in speaking of military forces. But the plural 
may be justified here by the fact that several states were combining 
their respective, forces. 
301 - 323. Conclusion : I myself have always acted as a 

TRTJE STATESMAN. 

301. 23. ovK...irpoj3a\€<r0ai, sc. XPW '• was it not n ^ s duty to place 
Eubcea as a defence before Attica on the side of the sea ? — 26. op.dpovs. 
He means Achsea, Corinth, and Megara. — o-tTOirop/n-iav, 87 sq. As 
to the construction, Schafer cites a very happy illustration, p. 1262, 
1. 16, oi fiev yap vbp.oi Kal ras duayKaias 7rpo<pdcr€is ottus fir] p.d£ovs 
ylyvtovrai irpoelb'ovTo. — 27. cjnXiav. Supply yrjv, according to the 
very common Attic ellipsis : iro\ep,la is used in exactly the same way. 
— irapd — along. — 302. P. 106, 1. 2. vircpxovTwv, of what we have 
already, i. e. subject allies : a very similar use of virapxew to that 
already noticed in 295. — cKirep/rrovTa agrees, of course, with ttoXLttiv, 
which is understood together with XPV V i n a U these clauses : by send- 
ing out succors from time to time ; the imperfect participle denoting 
a continued or customary action. — 3. Hpoi<6vvT|<rov, in the Propon- 
tis, originally a free colony from Miletus ; then subjected to Athens ; 
and ultimately to Cyzicus, the modern Marmora. In the speech 
against Polycles, p. 1207, the orator speaks of Proconnesus as an ally 
of Athens. The dates of its history are uncertain. — 4. to, 8', con- 
structed like aiToirofiiriau above, that is, after irpa^ai, with to Bv^dv- 
tlov, k. t. X., as appositions. — 7. <»v. The genitive of privation 
depending on iviXeL7re, which is here impersonal. &t> iveXetire as 
opposed to virapxovcrQiv represents d o$x inrrjpxe. — 303. 10. fl. Kau 
The Kal = both, emphasizes the connection of plan and execution, for 
both of which the orator claims equal approval. — 13. irapeBeVra, i. e. 
he disclaims any sin of (1) omission, or of (2) ignorance, or (3) treach- 






NOTES. 265 

ery. — 15. ^K€V, were dependent on, — a favorite Attic use of the verb. 
&<tt eh if£ i]Kei rrjs iroXecos ra irpdyiMTa. Aristoph., PluL, 919. — 
18. 4Xv}j,atv€To...dv€'Tp€<|/av, went on (imperf.) damaging our cause till 
they ruined (slot.) all. "W. Holmes makes tois oXols adverbial. But 
better dative after iXvixaivero, which, as Drake with the approval 
of Whiston observes, here takes the dative because it has the no- 
tion of successive attacks upon or against. See also Lex., s. v. — ■ 
304* 23. 4|xoi. Dative after ravrd. Cf. dXXocs, 291 ; iroXXoh, 292. 
— 24. €Ke\pT)T &v, would have experienced. — 305. P. 107, 1. 2. 4\<xt- 
too-i in its position here as a predicate requires us to paraphrase in- 
stead of translating : That ye may know that the words I employ are far 
less than the deeds I refer to. Drake well renders eXdrroci, falling far 
short of. — 3. €i\af3ov[i,evos. Cf. 3, 4. — \ey€. See 28, last note. The 
words from top dpid/xbv to \pTj<pi<rfiaTa are put in brackets by some 
editors, and have indeed something the air of an interpolation, but 
Dindorf retains them, and Schafer defends them. — 306. 7. ica/rop- 
Oovjxe'vwv. Here follows & yi] /ecu deol in most editions. Dindorf 
omits the words and they are not in 2. Eender with Whiston : in 
the event of the success of which indeed, beyond a doubt, we might have been 
pre-eminently great. — fieyio-Tois agrees obviously with t)/mv, which we 
supply as the dative depending on virripxev. The use of these imper- 
fects without &v in a conditional apodosis of past time has been already 
noticed, 248. — 9. to Sikcuws. The attribute of justice would have been 
ours as well: i. e. we should have been justly supreme as well as 
unquestionably. — «s Irepws is euphemistic = quite otherwise, that is, 
adversely. See note, 212. — 10. irepico-Ti, in connection with the rest 
of this sentence, gives the idea of something saved from a wreck. 
Whatever we have lost, at* any rate we have saved reputation and 
honor. And although they have turned out quite otherwise, there remains 
at any rate a good reputation. — 307. 12. ov p,a At* ovk diroo-rdvTa, 
(thus should a patriot act) and not, no not by any means, deserting the in- 
terests of the state and hiring himself to its enemies, cherish the opportunities 
of the enemy instead of those of his country, and malign the man who has 
undertaken both to advise and propose courses of action worthy of the state, 
and who has made it a principle to abide by them. vTro<rT7)vai, of putting 
one's shoulder under the burden, in contrast to dirovrrivaL above ; the 
genitive with eiri has been discussed in 17. — 18, &v 8c, while if any 
such person annoy him (rbv fidffKavov) at all individually, he lays it up in 
his memory and keeps an eye upon the person. The del at the beginning 
12 



266 NOTES. 

of the paragraph is carried all through this long sentence, and the otide 
following depaireveiv has to be carried on to p,e(xv?i<?dcu. also. — 19. ov8e* 
Y, at any rate he ought not to maintain an unrighteous and hollow silence. 
The epithet virovXos suggests a festering sore of which, however, the 
surface is healed and gives no symptom of mischief. So iEschines, as 
the orator alleges, holds his tongue and looks pleasant, although his 
heart is full of venom. The alleged sins of iEschines are threefold in 
this paragraph : (1) treachery to his own state, (2) malignant envy 
of her true statesmen and private malice against them, (3) affectation 
of being perfectly satisfied at the time, and subsequent show of great 
indignation. The first of these is introduced by ov fia At', the second 
by oi'Se, the third by ovoe y. — 308. 22. airXws, honestly, as distinct 
from virovXos. All this is in answer to iEschines, p. 84. — P. 108, 
1. 1. tov crvv€X<*>S, sated of the man whom you hear incessantly ; our 
idiom requires this amount of paraphrase : he alludes to the fact that 
the prominent statesman must needs be always making public speeches. 
— 2. Zvo-koXov, provoking, euphemistic, like ertpus, 306. — 309. 4. 
Tjo-uxtas. Suddenly he comes out as a speaker from his silence, — like a gale 
after a calm. e<pavq is the gnomic aorist. C. 605 ; Cu. 494 ; G. 205 ; 
H. 707. yavxlas must be taken also in close connection with irvevp.a, 
the £k being transitional only, as in rv<pXbs iK dedopaoros (Soph., 0. T., 
454), etc. — 5. irc4 ><,)va<rK1 l K " s J w ^ ia well-trained voice and words and 
phrases collected, 279. — <ruva\ox«S. CTiapLvXiotrvWeKTabri, Arist., 
Ran., 866 ; (rvXXeywv tiovudias, 874 ; i-rriiXXta, Ach., 405. — 6. <rvvd~ 
pei, he strings them together with distinct utterance and without drawing 
breath. — 13. ifjnropio-u, provision for commerce between Athens and any 
particular foreign city, which would requh'e a commercial treaty, etc. 
to be arranged. — 15. airoSeix&icriv, declared, i. e. open and undis- 
guised. — 310. 16. igcTaoris, opening, lit. a process of examining : hence 
an open examination, where any competitor may enter and distinguish 
himself. — 17. d/jroSet^cis, opportunities : lit. displays of ability; i. e. 
occasions on which a man might display it. — 18. ov8ap.ov. The 
metaphor is still from a competitive race. On the auxiliary use of 
(paiveedai, <pavepbs elvai, 8?jXos efoai, see Madv., G. S., 177, b ; C. 657, 
k; Cu. 590; H. 797. — 20. oitoo-too-ovv, the any-eth whatever. The 
termination -ocrros, commencing with the ordinal twenty, is common 
to all ordinal numbers above the twentieth. The correlative ovv cor- 
responds to the Latin -cunque. Donaldson's G. G., 245. Dissen 
thinks the orator is here alluding to the notorious oracle addressed to 



NOTES. 267 

the Megarians : v/j.et$ 5' $ MeYapets o&re rpiroL otire rirapToi ovre dvu- 
oV/carot ofr kv \6yo: ovt iu apidpup, Schol., Theocr., XIV., 48. — eiri y 
ots, at any rate not in anything which led to the advancement of your country. 
As ots here is neuter, I take the ots before ovda/xov to be neuter also 
(meaning in which competition), not masculine, as Eeiske interprets. — 

311. 23. SiaKovia would include home government and policy, while 
7rpeo-/3eta would be limited to foreign. — 25. |eviK<Sv, e. g. Thrace and 
the Bosporus, 244. — 26. iroicu with its usual sense of sarcasm, as in 
each of the questions where it follows. Dinarch., c. Demosth., p. 102, 
7rotat yap Tptrjpeis etVt /career Kevacrp.evai 5t& tovtov, Cbcnrep im ~Ev/3ov\ov 
T7J iroXei j r} 7rotot vewcot/cot tovtov 7to\lt€vo/x€uov yeyovaai ; irore odros 
t) 5td \p7)(pLcrp.aTos t) vo/xov eirrjuiipdwcre to lttttlkov ; k. t. X. — 27. Tt 
twv diravTcov, in what possible department? iravroov, 5. — P. 109, 1. 1. 
euirdpois are the r)y€/j.6vas of 103, as d-irupoLS are the irevrjaLv of 107. — 
2. iro\iTiK-?| . . .xpT]|xdTCDV, financial relief for the state and the public. W. 

312. 3. Tav, my good friend : the colloquial appellative, which, how- 
ever, occurs once in tragedy (Soph., Philoct., 1373). Buttmann has 
argued with great probability that it is an archaic vocative to. of tv 
(o-tf) with v ephelcusticon added. The old derivation made it the 
vocative of fr^s. — 6. eir€8i8o<rav. There were special patriotic funds 
started directly after Chseronea, and again to assist Thebes in the 
revolt against Alexander. But, indeed, during the whole period 
B. C. 338 to 335 there would be constant opportunities for wealthy 
persons to show their public spirit in this form. — 7. eiriTi|uav, resto- 
ration to civil rights, cf. 15. He appears to have been disfranchised by 
the imposition of a heavy fine. His friends then subscribed to pay 
the fine for him. But he handed over the money so collected to be 
used not for his own restoration, but for the expenses of the state. 
It is suppesed that this Aristonicus is the same mentioned in 83, etc. 
— 11. £pavov. A contribution of two talents as a present from the Heads 
of the sections,, for which consideration you murdered the trierarchic law. 
The word epavos only implies that the sum was raised by joint sub- 
scription among the r)yep.6v€s (103) as a retaining fee to iEschines for 
taking up the case in support of their vested interests. How far he 
succeeded in the " slaughter of the innocent," and when, we have no 
historical information. Others render e0' ols, for the damage which you 
did, taking ots as the (cognate) object of the verb, attracted into the 
dative by the preposition. Either translation is possible and makes 
equally good sense. Compare "Whiston in loc. and Grote, XL, 645. 



268 NOTES. 

— 313. 14. eKKpovcrw, put myself off, lit. adjourn myself, e/c/c/)oi5cras eis 
Tr\v vuTepalav, p. 385 {fin.). Dissen wrongly quotes i&Kpovav /xe, 
p. 348, where it means they kissed me off (explodere). The orator 
means here that if he goes into every detail one after another, he 
will lose the time for arguing his present and immediate point. 
Render : that I may not by speaking of one thing after another cut myself 
off' from the matter in hand. — 16. <J>v\&tt&)v is opposed to di frdetai' : 
it was not for want of means that you did not contribute, but from your care 
that no act of yours should be opposed to those for whom you manage every- 
thing in your public life. — 17. towtois o!s. Masculine : i. e. Mace- 
don and the Macedonian party, oh being the dative of relation in the 
category com modi. — 18. veavias, vigorous. Youth as the type of 
(1) vigor or (2) violence appears in the uses of veavias and all its deriva- 
tives, as the Lexica abundantly testify. The context will always 
show whether the good or bad sense predominates. Cf. p. 37, 1. 10 ; 
p. 557, 1. 25 ; Aristot, Eth., L, 1 (fin.), etc. — 19. Xap,irpds, bril- 
liant, a favorite combination with tom>, as in the passages above 
cited. — tjvik'... 8£tj, whenever you must needs speak against the people 
here. — 21. ©eoKplvTjs. Harpocration informs us that this, person 
was a <rvKO(pdvTrjs, as indeed the speech [Demosth.j, c. Theocr., would 
lead us to infer. There is no' other interpretation of the sarcasm than 
Dissen's, viz., that Theocrines, like ^Eschines, affected to deplore the 

fate of those who fell victims to his intrigues (cf. ^Esch., 72, 76). 

314. 25. irpo\aj36vTa, having drawn upon the good-will which subsists on 
your part towards the dead (the good feeling which you cherish to the 
memory of the departed), to examine me and compare me with them, — 
me who am still alive among you. iEschines had done this in his pero- 
ration, p. 79, alluding to Miltiades, Themistocles, Aristides. The 
orator justly protests against any comparisons of "virtus ineolumis" 
with " virtus sublata ex oculis." The language (efooiav, k. t. \.) is 
closely parallel to that of 1. — 315. P. 110, 1. 2. <J>9ovos. Cf. 
Thucyd., II. , 45, <pdbvos yap rots &<ri vpbs rb avrlirakov, rb 5£ fiq iff,. 
irobCbv dvaPTaywvlarcj} etvota TerlfiriTai. The sentiment is too notorious 
to need further illustration. — 4. Kplvtop.cu. Am I to be put on trial 
and examined? The subjunctive in questions paves the way for the 
imperative in answers. For examples, cf. Madv., G. S., 121. The 
sense of 6eupu>p.ai is made plain by i%erdfav in 314. — 6. SXKov. 
Any one else you please of those whose policy is identical with yours, and who 
are now alive. The orator only challenges comparison of merit with 



NOTES. 269 

the living, not with the dead ; and only with the opposition party, 
not with those whose policy had been his own. — 3i6. 9. virepjjie-ye- 
0eis, which are colossal — nay more; one could not express their magnitude. 
A good example of fxeu odv in its corrective force, which is quite as 
common in prose as in poetry. Plat., Gorg., 466, etc. — 12. fryeiv, 
to expose to thanklessness and insult such services as are being done for the 
present period. The sense of dyeus suggests a speaker dragging some- 
thing out of its existing position into another to which it does not 
belong. — 317. 14. &pa, as it seems, i. e. judging by my opponent's 
argument. — 18. icar eKeivovs, all through their time (17, note, /car' e/cei- 
vovs) as €ir exeivuv would mean simply in their time. In some texts 
roi/s xpwovs is added here, but it is not found in 2, and I follow Din- 
dorf in excluding it. — 19. SwVvpov, 27, 218, 323. — 318. 23. d8e\- 
<|>6s. Philochares, one of the ten o-Tpar-nyol, reappointed three 
successive years (iEschin. , p. 48). He had also a younger brother, 
Aphobetus, who served in distinguished civil capacities. But the 
former is probably alluded to here. — 26. tovs Ka6' avrov, and with 
those of his own age. — 319. P. Ill, 1. 1. 4 > iX.ap.p.wv. Mentioned by 
Harpocration as a distinguished boxer and athlete. Cf. Aristot., 
Rhet., III., 11; Eustath., on Horn. II. xf/., 686. — TXavKov. Men- 
tioned as having won the prize for boxing in the twenty-fifth Olym- 
piad. Cf. Pausan., VI., 10 ; Lucian, de Imagin , c. 19. iEschines 
(p. 81) replies to the orator's argument here, having obviously inserted 
the reply for the first time in this published oration, though he so 
phrases it that it might seem a part of the original speech ; but the 
coincidence is a little too remarkable. — 6. 8pa. Cf. 315 (end). — 
7. ovSe'va. I shrink from none, i. e. I will stand side by side with any, 
to be looked at and compared. Of this accusative, Madvig ( G. S., 
23, a) states the principle thus: "Many intransitive verbs, which 
denote a motion, on composition with a preposition, assume a transi- 
tive signification "; e. g. /Aere'pxofAai, TreputrTaficu, ixpiaTapxti, vtroBv'opa.i. 
But we see that e£l<7Ta t u.cu also retains its force as an intransitive verb, 
for it is constructed quite as often with a dative of reference. Soph., 
Aj., 673, is an example of the latter ; and ib., 82, is an example of 
the former. In translating any verb of this twofold construction, we 
must be careful to observe the context and to modify the English 
accordingly. If the reading ovbtvi, which many MSS. give here, 
were taken for our text, we should translate : I yield to none, i. e. con- 
sider myself the equal of any. Cf. p. 460, 1. 2 ; p. 617, 1. 15, etc.—- 



270 NOTES. 

320. 8. &v — of whom, part. gen. after £yk kp&tkxto.. — l^apCWov, 
Open (for competition). This use of the adjective is peculiar to the 
orator : so p. 488, 13. The more usual sense is equal, a match. — 
13. jjl^ttot . We supply av/x^alveiv. The euphemism is too common 
to need illustration. — 17. irtpov, sc. ^lKlttxov. — e(-6Ta<ris. Ironical ; 
he draws a picture of the Macedonian party at Athens, looking out 
for leaders and members ; they would hold, he suggests, an inspection 
of the public men, to pick out not the best advisers for state, but the 
most venal and treacherous and ready supporters of Philip. Cf. 310, 
i^eraais. — 18. iv Toga.. At your post, i. e. you were exactly the sort 
of people whom this inspection would cause to be selected for office. 
— 19. iTnroTpo<}>os. Schafer and Dissen agree in understanding this 
to be typical of luxurious and wealthy position, comparing p. 1046, 
1. 8 ; Xen., (Ec, 2. 6, etc. In Attica, as in Palestine, keeping horses 
was a sign of wealth and luxury. Isocr., 16. 33. Eeiske and others 
understand it of volunteer cavalry, but with no authority to support 
their view ; which, however, if supported, would give by far the best 
force to the passage. We may paraphrase, a great man, and famous for 
his stud. — 321. 21. fierpiov = respectable, fair. Cf. note 10, where it 
is used in the same way as here, with the same reason for choosing the 
word, viz. to avoid envy and odium. <pt<rei, as we see from the 
use of 0tf<m just below, means according to the measure of human 
capacity, as opposed to the superhuman and the supernatural ; that 
which is within the compass of human attainment or control in dis- 
tinction from that which is controlled by fortune or providence, rbv 
0tfo-« [ifrpiov, therefore, means the reasonably good citizen, or, as Lord 
Brougham renders, the citizen of ordinary worth. This seems to accord 
better with the signification of the words and the demands of the con- 
text, than the well-disposed citizen, which is the reading of Kennedy 
and Whiston, but which is too nearly identical with eiivoia, one of the 
things that the citizen must possess. — 23. €£ov<H<u$. When in power: 
as Ave should say, when a member of the government . Cf. Aristot., Eth., 
II., 3, for an instance of this sense of ifrvvlais. I quite agree with 
Whiston in declining Dissen's translation, opportuna momenta. — 25. 
ctfvoiav. Good feeling towards the state here, as in 1. It would cor- 
respond to out -patriotism. He means that, whereas political disasters 
and misfortunes may destroy a statesman's policy, nothing should 
ever destroy, or even impair, his devotion to his country : for, he 
argues, this is in nature's control, i. e. the man's own spirit is respon- 



NOTES. 271 

sible for keeping him a true patriot ; while power and strength are in 
other hands, i. e. depend on fortune and chance. — 322. P. 112, 1. 1. 
€^airov(JL6Vos. Alluding again to the demand made by Alexander 
for the surrender of Demosthenes and the other leading orators 
in 335. Plut., Vit. Demosth., c. 24. — 2. ciraYovTtov, sc. t&v <&i\iir- 
ttlvt&v. iEschines mentions (p. 76) that an attempt was made to 
arraign Demosthenes before the Amphictyonic Council, apparently 
on the ground of his having deserted from an embassy. The passage 
runs thus : i-nreidi] irepl Qrj@as fy to aTparoiredov irpeafievTris v<p' vp,Cov 
X^poTovrjdeU drrodpas e/c fi^crov rod KiOaipCovos ijKev viro<JTp£\f>as, ovt kv 
dprjvri ovt ev Tro\epi(p xPV cri f J ' 01/ eavrbv irap4x (j3v ' ^at to tt&vtwv 8eiv6- 
Tarrov v/xeis p,ev tovtov ov 7rpov8oT€, ovd' etdcrare KpiQr\vai kv r£ rCov 'EA- 
Xrjvwv avvedplq). The embassy in question was charged to convey the 
apologies of Athens to Alexander for the attempted revolt in 336. 
Demosthenes may have known that his presence would be specially 
obnoxious to Alexander, and also may have had fears for his own per- 
sonal safety. But whatever the motive of his desertion, that could 
not have been made a charge before the court of Amphictyons (see 
Smith, Die. Ant.), who would have no jurisdiction in the matter. 
Dissen suggests that the charge was against the orator as having been 
the open antagonist of Philip when the latter was acting as Amphic- 
tyonic general. No better explanation has been suggested. — 2. 
eiraYyeXXonevttV, wnen ^ ie y kept making offers, i. e. offers of bribes on 
the part of Macedon. — 4. irpoo-(3a\\ovTwv, when they set these accursed 
wretches at me like savage beasts. With this use of irpoafiaWeiv we may 
compare its common signification in the middle voice to make an attack 
on. — 5. 6p0f|V Kal SiKalavhas the predicative force, hence the article 
with 68ou. Render with Whiston : for from the very first, straightfor- 
ward and honest was the course of policy which I chose. — 8. jxe-ra tovtcov 
elvai, to be on their side, sc. of the honor and glory of my country. So 
Brenii, and this gives the proper force of p-erd better than the more 
common rendering : in these to have my being. — 323. 9. ci-epcov, the 
other side, sc. the Macedonians. — 11. cKtto-e, to Macedon. — 15. 
wo-irep. Who vilify the state as though, forsooth, they were not thereby inli- 
fying themselves (as responsible for the state policy) while they turn their 
eye abroad (in admiration), and where another has triumphed by the ruin 
of the Greeks, they glorify this, and protest that it must be so maintained for- 
ever. Their sympathies are entirely with Macedon and against 
Athens : they despise and abuse the latter, they admire and glorify 
the former. 



272 NOTES. 

324. Peroration. Heaven change their hearts, or hasten 

THEIR DOOM, OUR ONLY CHANCE OF SALVATION ! 

20. (i.'fj 8t)t . Never, I implore you, ye powers of heaven, never bestow 
your sanction on that ! But, if it may be, inspire even them with a better 
mind and heart ! Or if, as they seem, they are past repentance, give THEM 
— and them alone — to utter and speedy ruin by land and sea: and to us 
the rest, grant ye the quickest relief from our imminent terrors, — yea, a 
salvation that knows no fall. The force of this would be a good deal 
destroyed in English if we took literally the ix-qbds with which it cont- 
inences, — let no one of you, i. e. no deity either lower or higher. The 
sense of irpo in 7r/oowXets implies before they have finished our ruin ; 
their doom must be speedy or else our salvation will be past praying 
for. The commentators all admire the rhetoric of this passage, and 
confess their inability to preserve either the music or the full mean- 
ing of the language in a translation. It is often compared with the 
conclusion of Cicero's first Philippic. 



THE END. 



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